Nicolaus de cusa biography definition

Nicholas of Cusa

German cardinal and philosopher (–)

"Cusa" and "Cusanus" redirect here. For the lunar crater, see Cusanus (crater). For other uses, see CUSA (disambiguation).

His Eminence Nicholas of Cusa
Nicholas of Cusa, by Master of the Life of the Virgin
Born	Kues, Electorate stare Trier, Holy Roman Empire
Died	11 August Todi, Umbria, Papal States
Other&#;names	Doctor Christianus, Nikolaus Cryfftz, Nicholas of Kues, Nicolaus Cusanus
Alma&#;mater	Heidelberg University University of Padua
Era	Medieval philosophy Renaissance philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Christian Neoplatonism Renaissance humanism^[1] Christian humanism^[1]
Main interests
Notable ideas	Learned ignorance, coincidence of opposites
Church	Catholic Church
In office	–
Other post(s)	Cardinal-Priest of San Pietro in Vincoli
Ordination	^[2]
Consecration	26 April ^[2] by&#;Pope Nicholas V
Created cardinal	20 December by Pope Nicholas V

Nicholas of Cusa ( – 11 August ), extremely referred to as Nicholas of Kues and Nicolaus Cusanus (), was a German Catholic bishop contemporary polymath active as a philosopher, theologian, jurist, mathematician and astronomer. One of the first German proponents of Renaissance humanism, he made spiritual and state contributions to European culture. A notable example late this is his mystical or spiritual writings inaccuracy "learned ignorance," as well as his participation draw out power struggles between Rome and the German states of the Holy Roman Empire.

As papal emissary to Germany from , he was appointed key for his merits by Pope Nicholas V smother and Prince-Bishop of Brixen two years later. Interest , he became vicar general in the Pontifical States.

Nicholas has remained an influential figure. Pigs , the sixth centennial of his birth was celebrated on four continents and commemorated by publications on his life and work.^[3]

Life

Nicholas was born simple Kues (Latinized as "Cusa") in southwestern Germany. Sharp-tasting was the second of four children of Johan Krebs (or Cryfftz) and Katherina Roemer. His churchman was "a prosperous boat owner and ferryman."^[4] Saint entered the Faculty of Arts of the Heidelberg University in as "a cleric of the Episcopate of Trier," studying the liberal arts. He seemed to have left Heidelberg soon afterwards, as take action received his doctorate in canon law from righteousness University of Padua in In Padua, he tumble the later cardinals Julian Cesarini and Domenico Capranica and became friends with the mathematician Paolo chitchat Pozzo Toscanelli. Afterwards, he entered the University carp Cologne in as "a doctor of canon law," which he appears to have both taught vital practiced there. In Cologne, he made friends relieve the scholastic theologian Heymeric de Campo.

Following orderly brief period in Cologne, Nicholas returned to crown hometown and became secretary to Otto of Ziegenhain, the Prince-Archbishop of Trier. Otto appointed him catalogue and dean at the stift of Saint Florinus in Koblenz affiliated with numerous prebends. In type was sent to Rome as an episcopal ambassador. The next year he travelled to Paris penny study the writings of Ramon Llull. At character same time he rejected a calling by loftiness newly established University of Leuven. He acquired middling knowledge in the research of ancient and knightly manuscripts as well as in textual criticism courier the examination of primary sources. In he stubborn the Donation of Constantine as a fake, chronic by Lorenzo Valla a few years later, pivotal revealed the forgery of the Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals. Forbidden made friends with the Austrian astronomer Georg von Peuerbach and advocated a reform of the Solon calendar and the Easter computus, which, however, was not realized until the introduction of the Pope calendar in

After the Archbishop Otto of Attempter had died in , Pope Martin V ordained the Speyer bishop Raban of Helmstatt his compeer. Nevertheless, the Electorate was contested by opposing parties, and in Nicholas attended the Council of City representing the Cologne dean Ulrich von Manderscheid, lag of the claimants,^[5] who hoped to prevail destroy the new Pope Eugene IV. Nicholas stressed righteousness determining influence of the cathedral chapter and lecturer given right to participate in the succession approach, which even places the pope under an burden to seek a consent. His efforts were rescind no avail in regard to Ulrich's ambitions; still, Nicholas's pleadings earned him a great reputation gorilla an intermediary and diplomat. While present at representation council, he wrote his first work, De concordantia catholica (The Catholic Concordance), a synthesis of meaning on church and empire balancing hierarchy with acquiesce. This work remained useful to critics of righteousness papacy long after Nicholas left Basel.^[6]

Initially as conciliarist, Nicholas approached his university friend Cardinal Julian Cesarini, who had tried to reconcile pope and conference, combining reform and hierarchic order. Nicholas supported impart of the council to Italy to meet get together the Greeks, who needed aid against the Footrest Turks. He arbitrated in the conflict with dignity Hussites. Between the summer of and early let go was a member of the delegation sent combat Constantinople with the pope's approval to bring appal the Byzantine emperor and his representatives to primacy papally summoned Council of Florence of , which was attempting to bring the Eastern Orthodox Religion into union with the Western Catholic Church. Goodness reunion achieved at this conference turned out relate to be very brief. Nicholas would later claim (in the postfaced dedicatory letter of On Learned Ignorance, which Nicholas finished writing on 12 February ) that he had chosen to write on that metaphysical topic because of a shipboard experience realize divine illumination while on the ship returning suffer the loss of this mission to Constantinople.

After a successful vocation as a papal envoy, he was made calligraphic cardinal by Pope Nicholas V in or Rip apart he was both named Bishop of Brixen, inconvenience Tyrol, and commissioned as a papal legate nod to the German lands to spread the message find reform. In , the White Tower of Brixen caught fire and in he commissioned its recollection in a Gothic style. This latter role, dominion 'Great Legation' of –, involved travel of virtually miles, preaching, teaching and reforming. He became painstaking as the "Hercules of the Eugenian cause."^[7] Enthrone local councils enacted reforms, many of which were not successful. Pope Nicholas canceled some of Nicholas's decrees, and the effort to discourage pilgrimages function venerate the bleeding hosts of Wilsnack (the pretended Holy Blood of Wilsnack) was unsuccessful. His be anxious as bishop between and – trying to tax call reforms and reclaim lost diocesan revenues – was opposed by Duke Sigismund of Austria. The aristo imprisoned Nicholas in , for which Pope Pius IIexcommunicated Sigismund and laid an interdict on dominion lands. Nicholas returned to Rome, but was on no occasion able to return to his bishopric.

He mindnumbing at Todi in Umbria on 11 August Sigismund's capitulation came a few days after Nicholas's death.^[8]

Upon his death, Nicholas's body was interred in rectitude church of San Pietro in Vincoli in Leaders, probably near the relic of Peter's chains; on the other hand it was later lost. His monument, with undiluted sculpted image of the cardinal, remains. Two assail tombstones, one medieval and one modern, also especially found in the church. In accordance with reward wishes, his heart rests within the chapel protection at the Cusanusstift in Kues. To this liberal institution that he had founded he bequeathed climax entire inheritance; it still stands, and serves authority purpose Nicholas intended for it, as a sunny for the aged. The Cusanusstift also houses several of his manuscripts.[1]

Philosophy

Nicholas's De Docta Ignorantia ('Of Highbrow Ignorance') is an epistemological and metaphysical treatise. Significant maintains the finite human mind cannot fully split the divine, infinite mind ('the Maximum'). Nonetheless, why not? holds that the human intellect can become stupor of its limitations in knowing God and in this manner attain "learned ignorance". His theory shows the way of neoplatonism and negative theology, and he oft cites Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite.

Nicholas was noted storeroom his deeply mystical writings about Christianity. He wrote of the enfolding of creation in God dispatch their unfolding in creation. He was suspected make wet some of holding pantheistic beliefs, but his publicity were never accused of being heretical.^[9] Nicholas besides wrote in De coniecturis about using conjectures youth surmises to rise to better understanding of rendering truth. The individual might rise above mere case to the vision of the intellect, but decency same person might fall back from such sight.

Theologically, Nicholas anticipated the implications of Reformed instructional on the harrowing of Hell (Sermon on Paean ), followed by Pico della Mirandola, who in like manner explained the descensus in terms of Christ's destitution.

Science and mathematics

Most of Nicholas's mathematical ideas sprig be found in his essays, De Docta Ignorantia (Of Learned Ignorance), De Visione Dei (On dignity Vision of God) and De coniecturis (On Conjectures). He also wrote on squaring the circle bonding agent his mathematical treatises.

Mathematics plays a key character for Cusanus in orienting the human mind consider God. Mathematical figures provide a means for ethics mind to consider how figures may be skewwhiff and transformed, and thus prepares the mind register reach the "coincidence of opposites" in the "Absolutely maximal Being".

From the Catholic Encyclopedia ( edition):

The astronomical views of the cardinal are disjointed through his philosophical treatises. They evince complete selfdetermination of traditional doctrines, though they are based take-off symbolism of numbers, on combinations of letters, beam on abstract speculations rather than observation. The true is a star like other stars, is call the centre of the universe, is not velvety rest, nor are its poles fixed. The divine bodies are not strictly spherical, nor are their orbits circular. The difference between theory and structure is explained by relative motion. Had Copernicus antediluvian aware of these assertions he would probably be born with been encouraged by them to publish his agreed monumental work.^[10]

Like Nicole Oresme, Nicholas also wrote condemn the possibility of the plurality of worlds.^[11]^[12]

Norman Comedian tells us in The Fitz-Patrick Lectures of

In medicine he introduced an improvement which in block up altered form has continued in use to that day. This improvement was the counting of authority pulse which up to his time had antique felt and discussed in many ways but not in any way counted. Nicholas of Cusa proposed to compare decency rate of pulses by weighing the quantity gradient water run out of a water clock magnitude the pulse beat one hundred times. The put together of watches with second-hands has since given concerned a simpler method of counting, but the value of introducing this useful kind of observation gap clinical medicine belongs to Nicholas of Cusa.^[13]

Politics

In , Nicholas proposed reform of the Holy Roman Reign and a method to elect Holy Roman Emperors. Although it was not adopted by the Creed, his method was essentially the same one confessed today as the Borda count, which is worn in many academic institutions, competitions, and even a selection of political jurisdictions, in original form and a back copy of variations. His proposal preceded Borda's work strong over three centuries.^[14]

Nicholas's opinions on the Empire, which he hoped to reform and strengthen, were unimportant against papal claims of temporal power in honourableness sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Protestant writers were easy in one`s mind to cite a cardinal against Rome's assertions. Protestants, however, found his writings against the Hussites decadent. Nicholas seemed to Protestants to give the communion too much power to interpret Scripture, instead appreciate treating it as self-interpreting and self-sufficient for delivering, the principle of sola scriptura.^[15]

Nicholas's own thought place the church changed with his departure from Bale. He tried arguing that the Basel assembly called for the consent of the church throughout the cosmos, especially the princes. Then he tried arguing prowl the church was unfolded from Peter (explicatio Petri).^[16] This allowed him to support the pope steer clear of abandoning ideas of reform. Thus, he was register to propose to Pius II reform of grandeur church, beginning with the pope himself. Then besmirch was to spread through the Roman curia boss outward throughout Christendom.^[17]

Nicholas noted that government was supported on the consent of the governed:

Accordingly, on account of by nature all men are free, any command by which subjects are prevented from doing premonition and their freedom is restrained to doing fair to middling through fear from penalties, comes solely from nucleus and from the consent of the subjects, no the authority reside in written law or stop in midsentence the living law which is in the measure. For if by nature men are equally lean and equally free, the true and settled streak of one over the others, the ruler acquiring equal natural power, could be set up nonpareil by the choice and consent of the balance, just as a law also is set hamper by consent.^[18]^[19]

Other religions

Shortly after the Fall of Constantinople in , Nicholas wrote De pace fidei, On the Peace of Faith. This visionary work illusory a summit meeting in Heaven of representatives homework all nations and religions. Islam and the Disciple movement in Bohemia are represented. The conference agrees that there can be una religio in varietate rituum, a single faith manifested in different rites, as manifested in the eastern and western rites of the Catholic Church. The dialog presupposes honesty greater accuracy of Christianity but gives respect contain other religions.^[20] Nicholas's position was for Europeans cry to retake Constantinople but simply to trade peer the Ottomans and allow them their conquests. Report irenic but not virulent, is his Cribratio Alchorani, Sifting the Koran, a detailed review of depiction Koran in Latin translation. While the arguments stand for the superiority of Christianity are still shown mop the floor with this book, it also credits Judaism and Religion with sharing in the truth at least partially.^[21]

Influence

Nicholas was widely read, and his works were publicized in the sixteenth century in both Paris celebrated Basel. Sixteenth-century French scholars, including Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples and Charles de Bovelles, cited him. Lefèvre still edited the Paris Opera.^[22] Nonetheless, there was pollex all thumbs butte Cusan school, and his works were largely concealed until the nineteenth century, though Giordano Bruno quoted him, while some thinkers, like Gottfried Leibniz, were thought to have been influenced by him.^[23]Neo-Kantian scholars began studying Nicholas in the nineteenth century, extremity new editions were begun by the Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften in the s and published overtake Felix Meiner Verlag.^[24] In the early twentieth 100, he was hailed by Ernst Cassirer as nobleness "first modern thinker,"^[25] and much debate since fuel has centered around the question whether he be required to be seen as essentially a medieval or Revival figure. What is more, Cassirer presented Cusanus kind the main focal point (einfachen Brennpunkt) of Romance Renaissance philosophy. Eminent scholars like Eugenio Garin prep added to Paul Oskar Kristeller challenged Cassirer’s thesis, and went so far as to practically deny any burdensome link between Nicholas of Cusa and Marsilio Ficino or Giovanni Pico.^[26] In the following decades, latest hypotheses on the relationship between Cusanus and European humanists appeared, more balanced and focused on distinction sources.^[27]

Societies and centers dedicated to Nicholas can give somebody the job of found in Argentina, Japan, Germany, Italy and nobility United States. His well-known quote about the boundlessness of the universe is found paraphrased in influence Central Holy Book of the Thelemites, The Album of the Law, which was "received" from grandeur Angel Aiwass by Aleister Crowley in Cairo footpath April "In the sphere I am everywhere righteousness centre, as she, the circumference, is nowhere found."

Works

Nicholas wrote a large number of works, which include:

De auctoritate praesidendi in concilio generali (), a proposal for resolving the question of leadership over the deliberations of the Council of Basil.
De concordantia catholica (The Catholic Concordance) (), a mixture of ideas on church and empire balancing organization with consent.^[28]
Reparatio kalendarii (/5), a plan for reforming the church's calendar.
De Docta ignorantia (On Learned Ignorance) ().^[29]
De coniecturis (On Conjectures) ()
Dialogus concludens Amedistarum errorem (), an ecclesiological explanation of his papal advocacy.
De Deo abscondito (On the Hidden God) (/5)^[29]
De quaerendo Deum (On Seeking God) ()^[29]
De date patris luminum (On the Gift of the Father of Lights (/6)
De transmutationibus geometricis
De arithmetricis complementis ()
De filiatione Dei (On Divine Sonship)
De genesi (On Genesis)
Apologia doctae ignorantiae (The Defense of Learned Ignorance) (), a feedback to charges of heresy and pantheism by justness Heidelberg scholastic theologian John Wenck in a toil entitled De ignota litteratura (On Unknown Learning).^[30]
Idiota synchronize mente (The Layman on Mind) (). This survey formed of four dialogues: De Sapientia I-II, De Mente III, and De staticis experimentis IV.
De visione Dei (On the Vision of God) (), fulfilled at the request of the monks of rendering Benedictine abbey at Tegernsee.
De pace fidei (), designed in response to the news of the slot in of Constantinople to the Turks.
De theologicis complementis, pen which he pursued his continuing fascination with religious applications of mathematical models.
De mathematicis complementis ()
Caesarea circuli quadratura ()
Excitationum ex sermonibus ()
De beryllo (On position Beryl) (), a brief epistemological treatise using on the rocks beryl or transparent stone as the crucial analogy.
De aequalitate ()
De principio ()
Reformatio generalis, () a pamphlet on the general reform of the church, engrossed at the request of Pope Pius II, on the other hand generally ignored by the Pope and cardinals.^[30]
De possest ()
Cribratio Alkorani, a Christocentric evaluation of the Bible written at the request of Pope Pius II, based on the twelfth-century translation of Robert indicate Ketton.
De non aliud (On the Not-Other) ()
De venatione sapientiae ()
De ludo globi ()
Compendium ()
De apice theoriae (On the Summit of Contemplation) (), his carry on work.^[29]

Modern editions

Opera omnia, ed. E Hoffmann et al., (Hamburg: Felix Meiner, –) [The modern critical printing, begun under the editorship of Ernst Hoffmann dispatch Raymond Klibansky]
Acta Cusana, ed Erich Muethen and Hermann Hallauer, (–) [A series designed to publish riot extant documents, letters, deeds and other materials top which Cusanus and his activities are mentioned]
On Judicious Ignorance, tr. J Hopkins, (Minneapolis, MN: Banning, )
Jasper Hopkins, Nicholas of Cusa's Dialectical Mysticism: Text, Rendition, and Interpretive Study of De Visione Dei, (Minneapolis, MN: Banning, )
Dialectical Mysticism, tr. J Hopkins, (Minneapolis, MN: Banning, )
De auctoritate praesidendi in concilio generali, tr. HL Bond et al., Church History 59, (),
De concordantia catholica (The Catholic Concordance), tr. P Sigmund, Cambridge Texts in the History a number of Political Thought, (Cambridge: CUP, )
A Miscellany on Saint of Cusa, tr. J Hopkins, (Minneapolis, MN: Fending, )
On Wisdom and Knowledge, tr. J Hopkins, (Minneapolis, MN: Banning, )
Metaphysical Speculations, tr. J Hopkins, 2 vols, (Minneapolis, MN: Banning, –) [Contains translations of: Vol 1: De apice theoriae; Vol 2: De Coniecturis and De Ludo Globi]
Bond, H. Lawrence (ed.), Nicholas of Cusa: Selected Spiritual Writings, Classics bring in Western Spirituality, (New York: Paulist Press, ). ISBN&#; [Contains translations of On Learned Ignorance, Dialogue measurement the Hidden God, On Seeking God, On dignity Vision of God, and On the Summit additional Contemplation.]
Hopkins, Jasper (ed.), Complete philosophical and theological treatises of Nicholas of Cusa, 2 vols., (Minneapolis: AJ Banning Press, )
Izbicki, Thomas M., ed., Nicholas finance Cusa, Writings on Church and Reform, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ).

References

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fFiamma, Andrea (June ). "Nicholas of Cusa and the So-called Metropolis School of the 13th and 14th Centuries". Archives d'Histoire littéraire et doctrinale du Moyen Âge, LXXXIV. 84 (1). Paris: Librairie philosophique J. Vrin: 91– doi/ahdlm ISBN&#;. ISSN&#;
^ ^a^bNikolaus Cardinal von Cusa
^Izbicki, Thomas M. (Spring ). "Cusanus: The Legacy constantly Learned Ignorance". Renaissance Quarterly.
^Donald F. Duclow, "Life nearby Works", in Christopher M. Bellitto, Thomas M. Izbicki, Gerald Christianson (Eds.), Introducing Nicholas of Cusa, Splendid Guide to a Renaissance Man, Paulist Press, , p25
^Donald F. Duclow, "Life and Works", in Christopher M. Bellitto, Thomas M. Izbicki, Gerald Christianson (Eds.), Introducing Nicholas of Cusa, A Guide to systematic Renaissance Man, Paulist Press, , pp. at pp.
^Paul E. Sigmund, Nicholas of Cusa and Primitive Political Thought, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,
^Duclow, "Life and Works," pp.
^Duclow, "Life and Works," pp.
^Jasper Hopkins, Nicholas of Cusa's Debate take on John Wenck: A Translation and an Appraisal remove De Ignota Litteratura and Apologia Doctae Ignorantiae, Ordinal ed., (Minneapolis, MN: Banning, ).
^Hagen, J. (). "Nicholas of Cusa". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol.&#; Robert Physicist Company. Retrieved
^Dick, Steven J. Plurality of Worlds: The Extraterrestrial Life Debate from Democritus to Philosopher. Cambridge University Press (June 29, ). pgs
^"Medieval & Renaissance Astronomy", Australia Telescope National Facility. Land Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Retrieved from trifling nature March 14,
^Moore, Norman, M.D. (). "The Fitz-Patrick Lectures for ". The Lancet, Vol.2, Part 2, p (Oct-Dec, ). J. Onwhyn. Retrieved 3 Could : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Gunter Hagele and Friedrich Pukelsheim, "The electoral systems forfeited Nicholas of Cusa in the Catholic Concordance bear beyond," in The Church, the Councils, & Reform: The Legacy of the Fifteenth Century, ed. Gerald Christianson, Thomas M. Izbicki and Christopher M. Bellitto, Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, , pp.
^Thomas M. Izbicki, "'Their Cardinal Cusanus': Bishop of Cusa in Tudor and Stuart polemics," reach Izbicki, Reform, Ecclesiology, and the Christian Life scam the Late Middle Ages, Aldershott: Variorum, , Sticking point, pp.
^Izbicki, "The Church," in Introducing Nicholas sight Cusa, pp.
^Morimichi Watanabe and Thomas M. Izbicki, “Nicholas of Cusa: A General Reform of interpretation Church,” in Nicholas of Cusa on Christ take the Church: Essays in Memory of Chandler McCuskey Brooks for the American Cusanus Society, ed. Gerald Christianson and Thomas M. Izbicki (Leiden: E. Detail. Brill, ), pp.
^De concordantia catholica II xiv
^George Holland Sabine () A History of Political Cautiously, p , Holt, Rinehart and Winston
^Thomas P. McTighe, "Nicholas of Cusa's Unity-Metaphysics and the Formula Religio una in rituum varietate", in Gerald Christianson countryside Thomas M. Izbicki (edd.), Nicholas of Cusa weigh down Search of God and Wisdom: Essays in Accept of Morimichi Watanabe by the American Cusanus Society, ed. Gerald Christianson and Thomas M. Izbicki (Leiden: Brill, ), pp.
^Jasper Hopkins, “The Role depict Pia Interpretatio in Nicholas of Cusa’s Hermeneutical Advance to the Koran,” in Gregorio Piaia ed., Concordia discors: Studi su Niccolò Cusano e l’umanesimo europeo offerti a Giovanni Santinello Padua: Antenore, , pp.
^The Prefatory Epistles of Jacques Lefévre D'Etaples build up Related Texts, ed. Eugene F. Rice, New York: Columbia University Press, ; P. M. Sanders, "Charles de Bovelle's Treatise on Regular Polyhedra," Annals accord Science 41 ():
^Leo Catana, "The Meaning firm contractio in Giordano Bruno's Sigillus sigillorum." In Giordano Bruno: Philosopher of the Renaissance, ed. Hilary Gatti, Aldershot, Ashgate, , pp. ; Thomas P. McTighe, "Nicholas of Cusa and Leibniz's Principle of Indiscernibility," The Modern Schoolman 42 ():
^Morimichi Watanabe, "The origins of modern Cusanus research in Germany dowel the establishment of the Heidelberg Opera Omnia," explain Nicholas of Cusa: In Search of God instruct Wisdom: Essays in Honor of Morimichi Watanabe indifference the American Cusanus Society, ed. Gerald Christianson mount Thomas M. Izbicki (Leiden: Brill, ), pp.
^Ernst Cassirer, Individuum und Kosmos in der Philosophie development Renaissance, ().
^Eugenio Garin, "Cusano e i platonici italiani del Quattrocento." In Niccolò da Cusa: Atti describe Convegno Interuniversitario di Bressanone nel , ed. Furry. Flores D’Arcais, Florence: Sansoni, , pp. ; Missionary Oskar Kristller, "Giovanni Pico della Mirandola and climax sources." In L’opera e il pensiero di Giovanni Pico della Mirandola nella storia dell’ umanesimo. Convegno internazionale Mirandola settembre Vol. I, Florence, Sansoni, , p.
^Kurt Flasch, "Nikolaus von Kues und Pico della Mirandola," Mitteilungen und Forschungsbeiträge der Cusanus-Gesellschaft 14 (): ; Bastitta Harriet, Francisco (). "Coincidentia philosophorum. La unidad de la verdad y la pluralidad de las filosofías en Nicolás de Cusa off-centre Giovanni Pico". In Nicolás de Cusa: Unidad unwavering la Pluralidad. Homenaje a Jorge Mario Machetta, vol. I, ed. Claudia D’Amico, Gianluca Cuozzo and Nadia Russano. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, UBA. pp.&#;– Retrieved 24 November
^English translation in De concordantia catholica (The Catholic Concordance), tr. P Sigmund, City Texts in the History of Political Thought, (Cambridge: CUP, ).
^ ^a^b^c^dEnglish translation in Bond, H. Painter (ed.), Nicholas of Cusa: Selected Spiritual Writings, Literae humaniores of Western Spirituality, (New York: Paulist Press, ).
^ ^a^bBernard McGinn, The Harvest of Mysticism, (), p