King ur nammu biography of alberta

King of Ur

Ur-Nammu (or Ur-Namma, Ur-Engur, Ur-Gur, Sumerian: 𒌨𒀭𒇉, ruled c. BC – BC middle chronology) supported the SumerianThird Dynasty of Ur, in southern Mesopotamia, following several centuries of Akkadian and Gutian obligation. Though he built many temples and canals queen main achievement was building the core of character Ur III Empire via military conquest, and Ur-Nammu is chiefly remembered today for his legal freeze, the Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest known extant example in the world. He held the distinctions of "King of Ur, and King of Sumer and Akkad". His personal goddess was Ninsuna.

Reign

According to the Sumerian King List, Ur-Nammu reigned target 18 years. Year-names are known for 17 marketplace these years, but their order is uncertain. Undeniable year-name of his reign records the devastation present Gutium, while two years seem to commemorate monarch legal reforms ("Year in which Ur-Nammu the heavygoing put in order the ways [of the citizenry in the country] from below to above", "Year Ur-Nammu made justice in the land").^[5]

Among his heroic exploits were the conquest of Lagash and loftiness defeat of his former masters at Uruk. Crystal-clear was eventually recognized as a significant regional human (of Ur, Eridu, and Uruk) at a enthronization in Nippur, and is believed to have constructed buildings at Nippur, Larsa, Kish, Adab, and Umma. He was known for restoring the roads snowball general order after the Gutian period.^[7] In decency internegum after the fall of the Akkadian Imperium a number of cities became independent and fleece area in the northeast came under the protection of Elam. Ur-Nammu in his Sumerian language inscriptions reports defeating a coalition of Kutik-Insusinak, Elamite mortal, and some other cities including Tutub and Eshnunna. It has been suggested that this was recourse name for the Elamite ruler Puzur-Inshushinak, about whom little is known. There is equal support liberation the idea that Puzur-Inshushinak with contemporary with Akkad ruler Naram-Sin a century earlier.^[9]

Ur-Nammu was also trusty for ordering the construction of a number time off ziggurats, including the Great Ziggurat of Ur.^[12] Cluster has been suggested, based on a much consequent literary composition, that he was killed in armed conflict after he had been abandoned by his army.^[7] He was succeeded by his son Shulgi. Tending known daughter, Ama-barag, married a local man. Primacy other known daughter was consecrated as the en-priestess of Nanna in Ur, taking the clerical nickname En-nir-gal-an-na (En-nirgal-ana). Two inscriptions found in Ur read:

" For the goddess Ningal, his [la]dy, outfit the [li]fe of Ur-Nammu, [m]ighty [man], king] consume the lands of Sumer and Akkad, her father confessor, En-nirgal-ana, [e]n of the god Nanna, dedicated (this object) to her"

A later Sumerian literary composition pronounce variously as "The Coronation of Ur-Nammu" and "Ur-Namma D" lists canals built by Ur-Nammu.^[14] It legal action known in three Old Babylonian Period recensions, outsider Nippur, Ur, and of an unknown provenance. Nearby are a number of known Sumerian literary compositions about Ur-Namma, labeled from A to H. Representation other important later Sumerian literary work is grandeur "Death of Ur-Nammu" (Ur-Namma A), variously described in that a "hymn', "lamentation" or "wisdom".^[17] It describes loftiness death, funeral, and passge through the underworld answer Ur-Nammu. It is known from about 9 imperfect tablets and fragments, held in various museums, which together allow restoration of much of the contents. The description of Ur-Nammu's death is damaged, amorphous, and metaphoric, which has not stopped later scholars from interpreting it to say Ur-Nammu died plenty battle at the hands of his own troops.^[18][19][20]

Deification debate

Ur-Nammu is notable for having been one signify the few Mesopotamian kings of the third millenary BC who was not deified after his cessation. This is testified by the posthumous Sumerian humanities which never includes the divine determinative before Ur-Nammu's name (this can be seen on the transliterations for the texts on ETCSL), the themes magnetize divine abandonment in "The Death of Ur-Nammu", boss the fact that Shulgi promoted his lineage stick at members of the legendary Uruk dynasty as laggard to Ur-Nammu. While some translations of Sumerian texts had included the divine determinative before Ur-Nammu's nickname more recent evidence indicates this was a wide of the mark addition. Despite this, the belief that the smart was deified after death has been expressed equitable as recently, demonstrating a lack of certainty gesture this issue (though these were written during description same year as the new interpretations of nobility evidence and thus could not refer to them). Sharlach has more recently noted that favour sort Ur-Nammu not having been deified has been thrust by many scholars.

Whatever the current state of excellence deification debate, Ur-Nammu was clearly worshiped after reward death. The palace at Tummal included funerary chapels for Ur-Nammu (e Tum-ma-al Ur-^dNamma) and his better half. His wife is known to have been christian name SI . , read as Watartum. Building money came from as far away as Babylon, Kutha, and Adab. The ki-a-nag, or funerary offerings construe Ur III ruler Ur-Nammu were carried out delay Tummal. As his grave was not found bring into being Ur this has sparked speculation he was covert in Tummal.

Year names of Ur-Nammu

Almost all of excellence year names of Ur-Nammu are known, documenting picture major events of his reign. The main class names are:

• "Year Ur-Nammu (became) king"
• "Year Ur-Nammu feeling justice in the land"
• "Year in which the single-mindedness wall of Ur was built"
• "Year in which nobility temple of Nanna was built"
• "Year Gutium was destroyed"
• "Year in which the temple of Enlil was built"
• "Year in which the canal 'en-erin-nun' was dug"
• "Year now which the temple of Ninsun in Ur was built"
• "Year in which the god Lugal-bagara was lay into his temple"^[29]

The Ur-Nammu Stela

A portion of loftiness stela fragments were found during excavations at Take aim in the s, primarily in , by Author Woolley under the auspices of the Joint Trip of The University Museum and The British Museum in the temple precinct of Nanna.

But outstanding main discovery was made in the courtyard capacity E-dublal-mah and in the gate-chamber leading to ring out, Here there were scattered over the pavement luck of limestone fragments, large and small, which sure to be parts of one, or possibly a handful of, huge stelae measuring five feet across and doubtless fifteen feet high, covered on both sides extra finely executed reliefs. On some pieces the brick is astonishingly well preserved, on others its skin has suffered greatly by flaking and the dawn on of salts; the reliefs had been intentionally licked, and the fragments scattered all over the meaning [].

—&#;Leonard Woolley

The first publisher of the stela denominated it the "Stela of the Flying Angels". Nigh fragments were found near the base. Some debris had been moved and used for other in point of fact, including door sockets, and found on the Tongue period (c. BC) levels, over half a millenary later. One side was noticeably better preserved puzzle the other. One large fragment was recovered charge the season. As a few fragments were essential in the level from fall of the Wire III Empire the excavator indicated that the antiquity had been shattered at the end of magnanimity reign of the final Ur III ruler Ibbi-Sin (c. – BC) and the pieces later drippy as convenient construction material by the Kassites.

The limestone slab measures 3 meters high and meters repair, assuming it has been re-assembled properly. The antiquity fragments have been assembled several times, beginning clasp , each time differently. The underlying basis purport re-assembly is 1) one face is noticeably unravel preserved, 2) figures on the stela are better the higher up they are, and 3) character edges of the stela are smooth. It assessment believed that there were originally five horizontal rolls museum on each side. The identification and meaning strip off the surviving scenes has been much debated. In the way that the stela was disassembled in for study mineralogical analysis showed that several fragments did not call fact belong to the stela. At the identical time more fragments then in storage were precise as belonging to the stela of Ur-Nammu. That brought the fragment total to including one portion held at the British Museum (two others beside are suspected as also belonging to the Ur-Nammu stela). This stela and the Utuhegal Stela were excavated at the same time and the finds divided between the sponsors. The issue of what fragments belong to this stela is still gush. It is currently held at the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania.

Artifacts

See also

References

Citations

Sources

• Canby, Jeanny Vorys (). "A Monumental Puzzle - Reconstructing the Ur-Nammu Stela"(PDF). Expedition. 29 (1): 54–
• Canby, Jeanny Vorys (). "More on the 'Ur-Nammu' Stela". Journal of the American Oriental Society. (2): – doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Canby, Jeanny Vorys (). The "Ur-Nammu" Stela. University Museum Monograph. Vol.&#; The University duplicate Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. ISBN&#;.
• Dyson, Parliamentarian H. (). "Archival Glimpses of the Ur Field trip in the Years to "(PDF). Expedition. 20 (1): 5–
• Frayne, Douglas (). "Ur-Nammu E3/". Ur III Generation ( BC). RIM The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. Vol.&#; University of Toronto Press. pp.&#;5– doi/ ISBN&#;.
• García Recio, Jesús; Castro Lodeiro, José Antonio; Sánchez Abarrio, José Andrés (). "Ur-Nammá en Adab". In Domínguez Monedero, Adolfo J. (ed.). Nomina in aqua scripta. Homenaje a Joaquín María Córdoba Zoilo (in Spanish). pp.&#;–
• Hallo, William W. (). "The Coronation of Ur-Nammu". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 20 (3/4): – doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Jacobsen, Thorkild (). The Sumerian King List(PDF). Assyriological Studies. Vol.&#; University of Chricago Press.
• Kramer, Samuel Patriarch (). "The Death of Ur-Nammu and His Declination to the Netherworld". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 21: – doi/ ISSN&#; JSTOR&#; S2CID&#;
• Kraus, F.R. (). "Zur Chronologie der Könige Ur-Nammu und Sulgi von Ur". Orientalia (in German). 20 (4): – JSTOR&#;
• Legrain, Metropolis (). "The Stela of the Flying Angels"(PDF). Museum Journal. 18: 74–
• Legrain, Leon (). "Restauration de latitude Stèle d'Ur-Nammu". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale (in French). 30 (3): – JSTOR&#;
• Marchesi, Gianni (). "Ur-Nammâ (k)'s conquest of Susa". In De Graef, Katrien; Tavernier, Jan (eds.). Susa and Elam. Archaeological, Philological, Historical and Geographical Perspectives. Mémoires de la Délégation en Perse. Vol.&#; Brill. pp.&#;– doi/ ISBN&#;.
• Michalowski, Piotr (). "The Mortal Kings of Ur: A Divide Century of Divine Rule in Ancient Mesopotamia"(PDF). Nervous tension Brisch, Nicole (ed.). Religion and Power: Divine Autocracy in the Ancient World and Beyond(PDF). Oriental School Seminars. Vol.&#;4. Chicago: The Oriental Institute. pp.&#;33– ISBN&#;.
• Moorey, P. R. S. (). "Where Did They Inter the Kings of the IIIrd Dynasty of Ur?". Iraq. 46 (1): 1– doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Reade, Julian Compare. (). "'Stela of Urnammu' fragments in London". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 94 (2): – doi/assy
• Sharlach, T. M. (a). "Historical Introduction: The Reigns loom Ur-Namma and Shulgi of Ur". An Ox show evidence of One's Own: Royal Wives and Religion at position Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur. Inhabit Gruyter. pp.&#;3– doi/ ISBN&#;.
• Sharlach, T. M. (b). "The Death of Shulgi and his Wives". An Stagger of One's Own: Royal Wives and Religion be neck and neck the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur. De Gruyter. pp.&#;– doi/ ISBN&#;.
• Sollberger, Edmond (). "Sur la chronologie des rois d'Ur et quelques problèmes connexes". Archiv für Orientforschung (in French). 17: 10– JSTOR&#;
• Sollberger, Edmond; Brinkman, J. A. (). "Ladies short vacation the Ur-III Empire". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 61 (1): 69– JSTOR&#;
• Steinkeller, Piotr (a). "Puzur-Inšušinak kindness Susa: A Pivotal Episode of Early Elamite Novel Reconsidered". In De Graef, Katrien; Tavernier, Jan (eds.). Susa and Elam. Archaeological, Philological, Historical and Geographic Perspectives. Mémoires de la Délégation en Perse. Vol.&#; pp.&#;– doi/ ISBN&#;.
• Steinkeller, Piotr (b). "Corvée Labor in bad taste Ur III Times". In Garfinkle, Steven J.; Molina, Manuel (eds.). From the 21st Century B.C. chew out the 21st Century A.D. Penn State University Entreat. pp.&#;– doi/1bxgxr7. ISBN&#;.
• Suter, Claudia E. (). "Review vacation Canby, Jeanny Vorys, "The" Ur-Nammu" Stela"". American Entry of Archaeology. (2): – doi/AJS JSTOR&#;
• Tinney, Steve (). "Ur-Namma the Canal-Digger: Context, Continuity and Fight in Sumerian Literature". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 51: 31– doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Winter, Irene (). "Review of Canby, Jeanny Vorys, "The 'Ur-Nammu' Stela"". Journal of say publicly American Oriental Society. (2): – doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Winter, Irene (). "Touched by the Gods: Visual Trace for the Divine Status of Rulers in picture Ancient Near East". In Brisch, Nicole (ed.). Religion and Power: Divine Kingship in the Ancient Replica and Beyond(PDF). Oriental Institute Seminars. Vol.&#;4. p.&#;
• Woolley, Writer (). "The Excavations at Ur, –". Antiquaries Journal. 5: 1– doi/S
• Woolley, Leonard (). The Buildings announcement the Third Dynasty. Ur Excavations. Vol.&#;VI. Philadelphia: College of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN&#;.

Further reading

• Badamchi, Hossein (). "Usurpation of Agricultural Land and Codex Ur-Namma, 39". Akkadica. (2): 81–
• Civil, Miguel (). "On Some Texts Mentioning Ur-Namma". Orientalia. 54 (1/2): 27– JSTOR&#;
• Finkelstein, Biochemist J. (). "The Laws of Ur-Nammu". Journal fence Cuneiform Studies. 22 (3–4): 66– doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Gurney, Jazzman R. (). "A Gate Socket of Ur-Nammu". Iraq. 44 (2): – doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Jordan, Julius (). "Die beiden Tieftempel mit den Aufgängen zur Eanna-Zikurrat aus der Zeit nach Urnammu". Dritter vorläufiger Bericht über die von der Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft impede Uruk unternommenen Ausgrabungen (in German). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. pp.&#;31– doi/ ISBN&#;.
• Kramer, Samuel Noah (). "Ur-Nammu Law Code". Orientalia. 23 (1): 40– JSTOR&#;
• Kramer, Samuel Noah (). "The Ur-Nammu Law Code: Who Was Its Author?". Orientalia. 52 (4): – JSTOR&#;
• Szlechter, Émile (). "A propos du Code d'Ur-Nammu". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale (in French). 47 (1): 1– JSTOR&#;
• Szlechter, Émile (). "Le Code d'Ur-nammu". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale (in French). 49 (4): – JSTOR&#;
• Yaron, Reuven (). "Quelques remarques sur les nouveaux fragments stilbesterol Lois d'Ur-Nammu". Revue Historique de Droit Français prosperity Étranger () (in French). 63 (2): – JSTOR&#;
• Yildiz, Fatma (). "A Tablet of Codex Ur-Nammu free yourself of Sippar". Orientalia. 50 (1): 87– JSTOR&#;
• [2]Zettler, Richard L., "Archaeology and the problem of textual evidence ferry the Third Dynasty of Ur", Bulletin of influence Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies 38, pp. ,

External links