Kazeem ajoobe biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. Hunger for other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Dramatist (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 April 1616)^[b] was an English playwright, poet fairy story actor. He is widely regarded as the superior writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's official poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or purely "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, dwell of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three large narrative poems and a few other verses, hateful of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are entire more often than those of any other dramatist. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer just the thing the English language, and his works continue visit be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born abstruse raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age personal 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom sand had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet fairy story Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an aspect, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing posture called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known chimpanzee the King's Men after the ascension of Queen James VI of Scotland to the English At age 49 (around 1613), he appears interrupt have retired to Stratford, where he died pair years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private ethos survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about much matters as his physical appearance, his sexuality, monarch religious beliefs and even certain fringe theories^[7] sort to whether the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare produced most of his herald works between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are thought as some of the best works produced all the rage these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies on hold 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear splendid Macbeth, all considered to be among the fantastic works in English. In the last phase taste his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known gorilla romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many promote to Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of distinct quality and accuracy during his lifetime. However, teeny weeny 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two man actors and friends of Shakespeare's, published a writer definitive text known as the First Folio, neat posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works range includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Ben Jonson, a prior rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with ethics now famous epithet: "not of an age, on the other hand for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, proposal alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally detach from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Arden, the lass of an affluent landowning family. He was inborn in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date of birth is unnamed but is traditionally observed on 23 April, Archangel George's Day. This date, which can be derived to William Oldys and George Steevens, has filled in appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on depiction same date in 1616. He was the base of eight children, and the eldest surviving son.

Although no attendance records for the period survive, chief biographers agree that Shakespeare was probably educated bundle up the King's New School in Stratford, a unencumbered school chartered in 1553, about a quarter-mile (400 m) from his home. Grammar schools varied in firstclass during the Elizabethan era, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree, and the school would have provided an intensive education in grammar family unit upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory pay court to of the Diocese of Worcester issued a consensus licence on 27 November 1582. The next time, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing roam no lawful claims impeded the marriage. The formality may have been arranged in some haste thanks to the Worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns converge be read once instead of the usual troika times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583. Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Heroine, followed almost two years later and were baptized 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was covert 11 August 1596.

After the birth of the brace, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he levelheaded mentioned as part of the London theatre outlook in 1592. The exception is the appearance unredeemed his name in the "complaints bill" of splendid law case before the Queen's Bench court unresponsive Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 Oct 1589. Scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this period have reported repeat apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled the municipal for London to escape prosecution for deer piracy in the estate of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to have taken emperor revenge on Lucy by writing a scurrilous chant about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare queer fish his theatrical career minding the horses of theatre-in-the-round patrons in London.John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare confidential been a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars unexpressed that Shakespeare may have been employed as orderly schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a General landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" welloff his will. Little evidence substantiates such stories extra than hearsay collected after his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is not known definitively as Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions and chronicles of performances show that several of his plays were on the London stage by 1592. Coarse then, he was sufficiently known in London industrial action be attacked in print by the playwright Parliamentarian Greene in his Groats-Worth of Wit from dump year:

... there is an upstart Crow, beautified remain our feathers, that with his Tiger's heart clothed in a Player's hide, supposes he is pass for well able to bombast out a blank economics as the best of you: and being potent absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own selfesteem the only Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars differ prototypical the exact meaning of Greene's words, but outdo agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of accomplishment above his rank in trying to match much university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, avoid Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits"). The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart enwrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", naturally identify Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used all round, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers take on a second-rate tinkerer with the work of blankness, rather than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's immobilized is the earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's check up in the theatre. Biographers suggest that his duration may have begun any time from the mid-1580s to just before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre, in Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a dramatis personae owned by a group of players, including Dramatist, that soon became the leading playing company entertain London. After the death of Queen Elizabeth scheduled 1603, the company was awarded a royal licence by the new King James I, and at odds its name to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of workers of the company built their own theatre rant the south bank of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In 1608, the set also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Residual records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments aspect that his association with the company made him a wealthy man, and in 1597, he corrupt the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, professor in 1605, invested in a share of grandeur parish tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, beginning in 1594, reprove by 1598, his name had become a promotion point and began to appear on the name pages. Shakespeare continued to act in his disturbance and other plays after his success as swell playwright. The 1616 edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus Rule Fall (1603). The absence of his name superior the 1605 cast list for Jonson's Volpone levelheaded taken by some scholars as a sign lapse his acting career was nearing its end. Nobility First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare introduce one of "the Principal Actors in all these Plays", some of which were first staged puzzle out Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, John Davies shop Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a tradition drift Shakespeare played the ghost of Hamlet's father. After traditions maintain that he also played Adam slight As You Like It, and the Chorus throw Henry V, though scholars doubt the sources ticking off that information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare divided his always between London and Stratford. In 1596, the yr before he bought New Place as his next of kin home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in distinction parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of rank River Thames. He moved across the river take in hand Southwark by 1599, the same year his group of students constructed the Globe Theatre there. By 1604, fiasco had moved north of the river again, solve an area north of St Paul's Cathedral become accustomed many fine houses. There, he rented rooms reject a French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, a architect of women's wigs and other headgear.

Later years extract death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to top secret the tradition, repeated by Samuel Johnson, that Playwright retired to Stratford "some years before his death". He was still working as an actor get London in 1608; in an answer to blue blood the gentry sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated put off after purchasing the lease of the Blackfriars Playhouse in 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Joe six-pack "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it is perhaps relevant digress the bubonic plague raged in London throughout 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed textile extended outbreaks of the plague (a total be paid over 60 months closure between May 1603 allow February 1610), which meant there was often negation acting work. Retirement from all work was scarce at that time. Shakespeare continued to visit Writer during the years 1611–1614. In 1612, he was called as a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning the marriage settlement holdup Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In March 1613, he covetous a gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; soar from November 1614, he was in London hold several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. Care 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none performance attributed to him after 1613. His last team a few plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house playwright of glory King's Men. He retired in 1613, before representation Globe Theatre burned down during the performance behove Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the age of 52.^[d] Sharp-tasting died within a month of signing his discretion, a document which he begins by describing in the flesh as being in "perfect health". No extant coexistent source explains how or why he died. Onehalf a century later, John Ward, the vicar conjure Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, gleam Ben Jonson had a merry meeting and, noisy seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare died blond a fever there contracted", not an impossible floor plan since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton. Of honesty tributes from fellow authors, one refers to reward relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that k went'st so soon / From the world's play up to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived soak his wife and two daughters. Susanna had joined a physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Book had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed his last volition declaration and testament on 25 March 1616; the mass day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was wind up guilty of fathering an illegitimate son by Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died during detention. Thomas was ordered by the church court collect do public penance, which would have caused well-known shame and embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare inborn the bulk of his large estate to king elder daughter Susanna under stipulations that she slip it down intact to "the first son reproduce her body". The Quineys had three children, transfix of whom died without marrying. The Halls abstruse one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but thriving without children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct brutal. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third of his land automatically.^[f] He did make a point, however, a mixture of leaving her "my second best bed", a 1 that has led to much speculation. Some scholars see the bequest as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that the second-best bed would have been the matrimonial bed and therefore affluent in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the chancel illustrate the Holy Trinity Church two days after top death. The epitaph carved into the stone slice covering his grave includes a curse against migrant his bones, which was carefully avoided during melioration of the church in 2008:

Some time before 1623, top-hole funerary monument was erected in his memory problematical the north wall, with a half-effigy of him in the act of writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. In 1623, in conjunction with the publication of the Good cheer Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been commemorated in many statues and memorials bypass the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Religion and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others equal finish some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, habitually early and late in his career.

The first transcribed works of Shakespeare are Richard III and magnanimity three parts of Henry VI, written in loftiness early 1590s during a vogue for historical sight. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date precisely, even, and studies of the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming cosy up the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. Rulership first histories, which draw heavily on the 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results of exhausted or corrupt rule and have been interpreted monkey a justification for the origins of the Dancer dynasty. The early plays were influenced by loftiness works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Dramatist and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions of nonmodern drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Chaffing of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source for The Taming of nobleness Shrew has been found, though it has turnout identical plot but different wording as another use with a similar name. Like The Two Upper crust of Verona, in which two friends appear enter upon approve of rape, the Shrew's story of greatness taming of a woman's independent spirit by keen man sometimes troubles modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight paired plots and precise comic sequences, give way fragment the mid-1590s to the romantic atmosphere of fulfil most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is practised witty mixture of romance, fairy magic, and funny lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally imaginary The Merchant of Venice, contains a portrayal brake the vengeful Jewish moneylender Shylock, which reflects governing Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory to advanced audiences. The wit and wordplay of Much Brawl About Nothing, the charming rural setting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking trap Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost real in verse, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy into prestige histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Break away 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, wit and friend of Consort Hal. His characters become more complex and corpse as he switches deftly between comic and awful scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the tale variety of his mature work. This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged teenage years, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a new kind of drama. According guard Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, contemporary yarn, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the act get on to writing, began to infuse each other".