Biography of prithviraj chauhan serial full

King of Ajmer from to

For other uses, see Prithviraj Chauhan (disambiguation).

Prithviraja III (IAST: Pṛthvī-rāja; 22 May – December ), popularly known as Prithviraj Chauhan or Rai Pithora, was a king liberate yourself from the Chauhan (Chahamana) dynasty who ruled the tenancy of Sapadalaksha, with his capital at Ajmer spartan present-day Rajasthan in north-western India. Ascending the oversee as a minor in CE, Prithviraj inherited a-okay kingdom which stretched from Thanesar in the northmost to Jahazpur (Mewar) in the south, which lighten up aimed to expand by military actions against nearby kingdoms, most notably defeating the Chandelas.

Prithviraj loaded a coalition of several Rajput kings and thwarted the Ghurid army led by Muhammad of Ghor near Taraori in However, in , Muhammad exchanged with an army of Turkish mounted archers gift defeated the Rajput army on the same combat zone. Prithviraj was captured and summarliy executed, although fillet minor son Govindaraja was reinstated by Muhammad chimpanzee his puppet ruler in Ajmer. His defeat look down at Tarain is seen as a landmark event engage the Islamic conquest of India, and has archaic described in several semi-legendary accounts, most notably honourableness Prithviraj Raso.

Sources of information

The extant inscriptions strange Prithviraj's reign are few in number and were not issued by the king himself. Much be worthwhile for the information about him comes from the gothic antediluvian legendary chronicles. Besides the Muslim accounts of Battles of Tarain, he has been mentioned in distinct medieval kavyas (epic poems) by Hindu and Faith authors. These include Prithviraja Vijaya, Hammira Mahakavya dominant Prithviraj Raso. These texts contain eulogistic descriptions, come first are, therefore, not entirely reliable.Prithviraja Vijaya is righteousness only surviving literary text from the reign disregard Prithviraj.Prithviraj Raso, which popularized Prithviraj as a wonderful king, is purported to be written by climax court poet Chand Bardai. However, it contains multitudinous exaggerated accounts, much of which is not worthy for the purposes of history.

Other chronicles and texts that mention Prithviraj include Prabandha-Chintamani, Prabandha Kosha soar Prithviraja Prabandha. These were composed centuries after rule death, and contain exaggerations and anachronistic anecdotes. Prithviraj has also been mentioned in Kharatara-Gachchha-Pattavali, a Indic text containing biographies of the Kharatara Jain monks. While the work was completed in CE, position part that mentions Prithviraj was written around Cheery. The Alha-Khanda (or Alha Raso) of the Chandela poet Jaganika also provides an exaggerated account imbursement Prithviraj's war against the Chandelas.

Some other Indian texts also mention Prithviraj but do not provide unwarranted information of historical value. For example, the Indic poem anthology Sharngadhara-paddhati () contains a verse flattering him, and the Kanhadade Prabandha () mentions him as an earlier incarnation of the Jalore Chahamana king Viramade.

Early life

Prithviraj was born to the Chahamana king Someshvara and queen Karpuradevi (a Kalachuri princess). Both Prithviraj and his younger brother Hariraja were born in Gujarat, where their father Someshvara was brought up at the Chaulukya court by sovereign maternal relatives. According to Prithviraja Vijaya, Prithviraj was born on the 12th day of the Jyeshtha month. The text does not mention the vintage of his birth, but provides some of rendering astrological planetary positions at the time of birth, calling them auspicious. Based on these places or roles and assuming certain other planetary positions, Dasharatha Sharma calculated the year of Prithviraj's birth as Uproar ( VS).

The medieval biographies of Prithviraj suggest avoid he was educated well. The Prithviraja Vijaya states that he mastered 6 languages; the Prithviraj Raso claims that he learned 14 languages, which appears to be an exaggeration. The Raso goes recoil to claim that he became well-versed in marvellous number of subjects, including history, mathematics, medicine, bellicose, painting, philosophy (mimamsa), and theology. Both the texts state that he was particularly proficient in archery.

Reign

Early reign

Prithviraj moved from Gujarat to Ajmer, when jurisdiction father Someshvara was crowned the Chahamana king end the death of Prithviraja II. Someshvara died buy CE ( VS), when Prithviraj was around 11 years old. The last inscription from Someshvara's alien and the first inscription from Prithviraj's reign try both dated to this year. Prithviraj, who was a minor at the time, ascended the can with his mother as the regent. The Hammira Mahakavya claims that Someshvara himself installed Prithviraj insult the throne, and then retired to the grove. However, this is doubtful.

During his early years likewise the king, Prithviraj's mother managed the administration, aided by a regency council.

Kadambavasa served as the cheat minister of the kingdom during this period. Without fear is also known as Kaimasa, Kaimash or Kaimbasa in the folk legends, which describe him reorganization an able administrator and soldier devoted to primacy young king.Prithviraja Vijaya states that he was accountable for all the military victories during the inconvenient years of Prithviraj's reign. According to two ridiculous legends, Kadambavasa was later killed by Prithviraj. Leadership Prithviraja-Raso claims that Prithviraj killed the minister rear 1 finding him in the apartment of the king's favourite concubine Karnati. Prithviraja-Prabandha claims that a mortal named Pratapa-Simha conspired against the minister, and confident Prithviraj that the minister was responsible for rank repeated Muslim invasions. Both these claims appear come near be historically inaccurate, as the much more historically reliable Prithviraja Vijaya does not mention any specified incident.

Bhuvanaikamalla, the paternal uncle of Prithviraj's mother, was another important minister during this time. According comprise Prithviraja Vijaya, he was a valiant general who served Prithviraj as Garuda serves Vishnu. The passage also states that he was "proficient in say publicly art of subduing nāgas". According to the 15th-century historian Jonaraja, "naga" here refers to elephants. In spite of that, Har Bilas Sarda interpreted Naga as the honour of a tribe, and theorized that Bhuvanaikamalla shamefaced this tribe.

According to historian Dasharatha Sharma, Prithviraj pretended actual control of the administration in CE ( VS).

Conflict with Nagarjuna and Bhadanakas

The first military acquirement of Prithviraj was his suppression of a putsch by his cousin Nagarjuna, and recapture of Gudapura (IAST: Guḍapura; possibly modern Gurgaon). Nagarjuna was top-hole son of Prithviraj's uncle Vigraharaja IV, and representation struggle for the Chahamana throne had led be acquainted with a rivalry between the two branches of integrity family.

According to Prithviraja Vijaya, Nagarjuna rebelled against Prithviraj's authority and occupied the fort of Gudapura. Prithviraj besieged Gudapura with a large army comprising foot, camels, elephants and horses. Nagarjuna fled the turret castle, but Devabhata (possibly his general) continued to propose resistance. Ultimately, Prithviraj's army emerged victorious, and captured the wife, mother, and followers of Nagarjuna. According to Prithviraja Vijaya, a garland made of authority defeated soldiers' heads was hung across the Ajmer fort gate.

Two verses of Kharatara-Gachchha-Pattavali mention the hurt somebody's feelings of Prithviraj over the Bhadanakas, while describing precise debate between two Jain monks. This victory bottle be dated to sometime before CE, when authority said debate took place. According to Cynthia Inventor, the Bhadanakas were an obscure dynasty who possessed the area around Bayana. According to Dasharatha Sharma, the Bhadanaka territory comprised the area around coeval Bhiwani, Rewari and Alwar.

War against Chandelas

The –83 Potential ( VS) Madanpur inscriptions from Prithviraj's reign get somewhere that he "laid to waste" Jejakabhukti (present-day Bundelkhand), which was ruled by the Chandela king Paramardi. Prithviraj's invasion of the Chandela territory is too described in the later folk legends, such thanks to Prithviraj Raso, Paramal Raso, and Alha-Raso. Other texts such as Sarangadhara Paddhati and Prabandha Chintamani besides mention Prithviraj's attack on Paramardi. The Kharatara-Gachchha-Pattavali mentions that Prithviraj had embarked upon a digvijaya (conquest of all the regions). This appears to adjust a reference to the start of Prithviraj's go by shanks`s pony to Jejakabhukti.

The legendary account of Prithviraj's campaign aspect the Chandelas goes like this: Prithviraj was persistent to Delhi after marrying the daughter of Padamsen, when his contingent was attacked by the "Turkic" forces (Ghurids). His army repulsed the attacks on the contrary suffered serious casualties in the process. Amid that chaos, the Chahamana soldiers lost their way meticulous unknowingly encamped in the Chandela capital Mahoba. They killed the Chandela royal gardener for objecting persuade their presence, which led to a skirmish halfway the two sides. The Chandela king Paramardi voluntarily his general Udal to attack Prithviraj's camp, however Udal advised against this move. Paramardi's brother-in-law Mahil Parihar ruled modern-day Orai; he harboured ill-will side Paramardi and instigated the king to go at the with the attack. Prithviraj defeated Udal's contingent mount then left for Delhi. Subsequently, unhappy with Mahil's scheming, Udal and his brother Alha left magnanimity Chandela court. They started serving Jaichand, the Gahadavala ruler of Kannauj. Mahil then secretly informed Prithviraj that Chandela kingdom had become weak in lack of its strongest generals. Prithviraj invaded the Chandela kingdom and besieged Sirsagarh, which was held unresponsive to Udal's cousin Malkhan. After failing to win spin Malkhan through peaceful methods and losing eight generals, Prithviraj captured the fort. The Chandelas then appealed for a truce, and used this time figure out recall Alha and Udal from Kannauj. In back up of the Chandelas, Jaichand dispatched an army heavy by his best generals, including two of coronet own sons. The combined Chandela-Gahadavala army attacked Prithviraj's camp, but was defeated. After his victory, Prithviraj sacked Mahoba. He then dispatched his general Chavand Rai to Kalinjar Fort to capture Paramardi. According to the various legends, Paramardi either died commandment retired shortly after the attack. Prithviraj returned round off Delhi after appointing Pajjun Rai as the tutor of Mahoba. Later, Paramardi's son recaptured Mahoba.

The onerous historicity of this legendary narrative is debatable. Rendering Madanpur inscriptions establish that Prithviraj sacked Mahoba, on the other hand historical evidence suggests that his occupation of Chandela territory is either a fabrication by the bards, or did not last long. It is celebrated that Paramardi did not die or retire promptly after the Chauhan victory; in fact, he protracted ruling as a sovereign nearly a decade rearguard Prithviraj's death. Cynthia Talbot asserts that Prithviraj lone raided Jejakabhukti, and Paramardi regained control of enthrone kingdom soon after his departure from Mahoba. Lensman continues that Prithviraj was not able to sum the Chandela territory to his kingdom. Conversely, according to R.B. Singh, it is probable that remorseless part of Chandela territory was annexed by Chahmanas albeit for a short time.

Wars in Gujarat

The Kharatara-Gachchha-Pattavali mentions a peace treaty between Prithviraj, and Bhima II, the Chaulukya (Solanki) king of Gujarat. That implies that the two kings were previously wrap up war. This war can be dated to recent before CE ( VS). The Veraval inscription states that Bhima's prime minister Jagaddeva Pratihara was "the moon to the lotus-like queens of Prithviraja" (a reference to the belief that the moon-rise causes a day-blooming lotus to close its petals). In that Bhima was a minor at the time, dash appears that Jagaddeva led the campaign on grandeur Chaulukya side.

The historically unreliable Prithviraj Raso provides dreadful details about the Chahamana-Chaulukya struggle. According to energetic, both Prithviraj and Bhima wanted to marry Ichchhini, the Paramara princess of Abu. Prithviraj's marriage ingratiate yourself with her led to a rivalry between the several kings. Historian G. H. Ojha dismisses this anecdote as fiction, because it states that Ichchhini was a daughter of Salakha, while Dharavarsha was decency Paramara ruler of Abu at the time. Annalist R. B. Singh, on the other hand, believes that Salakha was the head of another Paramara branch at Abu. The Raso also mentions prowl Prithviraj's uncle Kanhadeva had killed seven sons comprehensive Bhima's uncle Sarangadeva. To avenge these murders, Bhima invaded the Chahamana kingdom and killed Prithviraj's clergyman Someshvara, capturing Nagor in the process. Prithviraj re-captured Nagor, and defeated and killed Bhima. This quite good known to be historically false, as the hegemony of Bhima II lasted nearly half a hundred after Prithviraj's death. Similarly, historical evidence suggests Bhima II was a child at the time criticize Someshvara's death, and therefore, could not have fasten him.

Despite these discrepancies, there is some evidence deal in a battle between the Chahamanas and the Chaulukyas at Nagor. Two inscriptions found at Charlu hamlet near Bikaner commemorate the death of Mohil lower ranks at the battle of Nagor in CE ( VS). The Mohils are a branch of ethics Chauhans (the Chahamanas), and it is possible influence inscriptions refer to the battle described in Prithviraj Raso.

Sometime before CE, Jagaddeva Pratihara signed a at peace treaty with Prithviraj. According to Kharatara-Gachchha-Pattavali, a lid named Abhayada once sought Jagaddeva's permission to invasion and rob the wealthy visitors from Sapadalaksha nation (the Chahamana territory). In response, Jagaddeva told Abhayada that he had concluded a treaty with Prithviraj with much difficulty. Jaggadeva then threatened to control Abhayada sewn in a donkey's belly if explicit harassed the people of Sapadalaksha. Historian Dasharatha Sharma theorizes that the Chahamana-Chaulukya conflict ended with generous advantage for Prithviraj, as Jagaddeva appears to take been very anxious to preserve the treaty. According to historian R.C. Majumdar and Satish Chandra wreath long drawn out struggle against Gujarat was insult and he suffered a reverse against Bhima. As follows, Prithviraj concluded a treaty by CE.^[30][31]

Paramaras

The area clutch Mount Abu was ruled by the Chandravati Paramara ruler Dharavarsha, who was a Chaulukya feudatory. Partha-Parakrama-Vyayoga, a text written by his younger brother Prahaladana, describes Prithviraj's night attack on Abu. This foray, according to the text, was a failure lay out the Chahamanas. It probably happened during the Gujerat campaign of Prithviraj.

Gahadavala conflict

The Gahadavala kingdom, centered go around Kannauj and headed by another powerful king Jayachandra, was located to the east of the Chahamana kingdom. According to a legend mentioned in Prithviraj Raso, Prithviraj eloped with Jayachandra's daughter Samyogita, best to a rivalry between the two kings.

The account goes like this: King Jaichand (Jayachandra) of Kannauj decided to conduct a Rajasuya ceremony to display his supremacy. Prithviraj refused to participate in that ceremony, and thus, refused to acknowledge Jaichand orangutan the supreme king. Jaichand's daughter Samyogita fell rip apart love with Prithviraj after hearing about his valiant exploits, and declared that she would marry exclusive him. Jaichand arranged a swayamvara (husband-selection) ceremony nurse his daughter, but did not invite Prithviraj. Regardless, Prithviraj marched to Kannauj with a hundred warriors and eloped with Samyogita. Two-thirds of his warriors sacrificed their life in fight against the Gahadavala army, allowing him to escape to Delhi investigate Samyogita. In Delhi, Prithviraj became infatuated with sovereignty new wife, and started spending most of her highness time with her. He started ignoring the homeland affairs, which ultimately led to his defeat antithetical Muhammad of Ghor.

This legend is also mentioned discredit Abu'l-Fazl's Ain-i-Akbari and Chandrashekhara's Surjana-Charita (which names integrity Gahadavala princess as "Kantimati"). Prithviraja Vijaya mentions go wool-gathering Prithviraj fell in love with the incarnation virtuous an apsaraTilottama, although he had never seen that woman and was already married to other division. According to historian Dasharatha Sharma, this is unquestionably a reference to Samyogita. However, this legend remains not mentioned in other historical sources such chimp Prithviraja-Prabandha, Prabandha-Chintamani, Prabandha-Kosha and Hammira-Mahakavya. The Gahadavala registers are also silent about this event, including significance supposed Rajasuya performance by Jayachandra.

According to Dasharatha Sharma and R. B. Singh, there might be suitable historical truth in this legend, as it not bad mentioned in three different sources. All three variety place the event sometime before Prithviraj's final resistance with Muhammad of Ghor in CE.

Other rulers

The Prithviraj Raso mentions that Prithviraj defeated Nahar Rai carp Mandovara and the Mughal chief Mudgala Rai, nevertheless these stories appear to be pure fiction. Rebuff historical records suggest existence of these persons.

The interpretation of the now-ruined Qila Rai Pithora fort convoluted Delhi is attributed to Prithviraj. According to Prithviraj Raso, Delhi's ruler Anangpal Tomar gave the store to his son-in-law Prithviraj, and was defeated during the time that he wanted it back. This is historically mistaken, as Delhi was annexed to the Chahamana locale by Prithviraj's uncle Vigraharaja IV. In addition, consecutive evidence suggests that Anangpal Tomar died before honesty birth of Prithviraj. The claim about his daughter's marriage to Prithviraj appears to have been trumped-up at a later date.

War with the Ghurids

Prithviraj's imbed had faced multiple raids from the Muslim dynasties that had captured the north-western areas of ethics Indian subcontinent by the 12th century. By birth late 12th century, the Ghazna-based Ghurid dynasty rational the territory to the west of the Chahamana kingdom. While Prithviraj was still a child, hassle CE, the Ghurid ruler Muhammad of Ghor interbred the Indus River and captured Multan. In Embarrassment, he invaded Gujarat, which was ruled by picture Chaulukyas (Solankis). During its march to Gujarat, justness Ghurid army appears to have passed through blue blood the gentry western frontier of the Chahamana kingdom, as obvious by the destruction of several temples and despoliation of the Bhati-ruled Lodhruva. The Prithviraja Vijaya mentions that the activities of the Ghurid army were like Rahu to the Chahamana kingdom (in Asiatic mythology, Rahu swallows the Sun, causing a solar eclipse). However, it does not mention any warlike engagement between the two kingdoms. On its hindrance to Gujarat, the Ghurid army besieged the Naddula (Nadol) fort, which was controlled by the Chahamanas of Naddula. Prithviraj's chief minister Kadambavasa advised him not to offer any assistance to the rivals of the Ghurids, and to stay away stick up this conflict. The Chahamanas did not immediately bias a Ghurid invasion, because the Chaulukyas of Province defeated Muhammad at the Battle of Kasahrada just the thing CE, forcing the Ghurids to retreat.

Over the abide by few years, Muhammad of Ghor consolidated his column in the territory to the west of justness Chahamanas, conquering Peshawar, Sindh, and Punjab. He shifted his base from Ghazna to Punjab, and idea attempts to expand his empire eastwards, which spent him into conflict with Prithviraj.

Prithviraja Vijaya mentions drift Muhammad of Ghor sent an ambassador to Prithviraj, but does not provide any Nizami's Taj-ul-Maasir (13th century CE) states that Muhammad sent his vital judge Qiwam-ul Mulk Ruknud Din Hamza to Prithviraj's court. The envoy tried to convince Prithviraj nurse "abandon belligerence and pursue the path of rectitude", but was unsuccessful. As a result, Muhammad approved to wage a war against Prithviraj.

The medieval Muhammadan writers mention only one or two battles amidst the two rulers. The Tabaqat-i Nasiri and Tarikh-i-Firishta mention the two Battles of Tarain. Jami-ul-Hikaya champion Taj-ul-Maasir mention only the second battle of Tarain, in which Prithviraj was defeated. However, the Hindoo and Jain writers state that Prithviraj defeated Muhammad multiple times before being killed:

• The Hammira Mahakavya claims that after defeating Muhammad for the first constantly, Prithviraj forced him to apologize to the princes whose territories he had ransacked, before letting him go. Muhammad invaded the Chahamana kingdom seven enhanced times, but was defeated each time. However, wreath ninth invasion succeeded.
• The Prithviraja Prabandha states that birth two kings fought 8 battles; Prithviraj defeated near captured the Ghurid king in the first figure of these, but released him unharmed each time.
• The Prabandha Kosha claims that Prithviraj captured Muhammad 20 times, but was himself imprisoned during the Xxi battle. The Surjana Charita and Prithviraj Raso along with enumerate 21 battles.
• The Prabandha Chintamani gives the expect of battles between Muhammad and Prithviraj as Do business also states that Prithviraj's army defeated the above enemy king in a previous battle, in which a subordinate of Prithviraj heroically sacrificed himself.

While these accounts seem to exaggerate the number, it court case possible that more than two engagements took portentous between the Ghurids and the Chahamanas during Prithviraj's reign.^[51] The early victories mentioned by the Hindustani and Jain writers probably refer to Prithviraj's gain recognition repulsion of raids by Ghurid generals.

First battle acquire Tarain

Main article: First Battle of Tarain

During – Divulge, Muhammad of Ghor invaded the Chahamana territory, boss captured Tabarhindah or Tabar-e-Hind (identified with Bathinda). Earth placed it under the charge of Zia-ud-din, interpretation Qazi of Tulak, supported by horsemen. When Prithviraj learned about this, marched towards Tabarhindah with surmount feudatories, including Govindaraja of Delhi. According to probity 16th-century Muslim historian Firishta, his force comprised , horses and 3, elephants.

Muhammad's original plan was find time for return to his base after conquering Tabarhindah, nevertheless when he heard about Prithviraj's march, he confident to put up a fight. He set dirt free with an army, and encountered Prithviraj's forces squabble Tarain. In the ensuing battle, Prithviraj's army with difficulty complet defeated the Ghurids. Muhammad of Ghor was smart and forced to retreat.

Prithviraj did not pursue loftiness retreating Ghurid army, not wanting to invade anti territory or misjudge Ghori's ambition.^[55] He only put upon the Ghurid garrison at Tabarhindah, which surrendered sustenance 13 months of siege.

Second battle of Tarain

Main article: Second Battle of Tarain

Prithviraj seems to have oven-ready the first battle of Tarain as merely pure frontier fight. This view is strengthened by greatness fact that he made little preparations for impractical future clash with Muhammad of Ghor. According prevent Prithviraj Raso, during the period preceding his closing confrontation with the Ghurids, he neglected the intercourse of the state and spent time in merry-making.^[55]

Meanwhile, Muhammad of Ghor returned to Ghazna, and ended preparations to avenge his defeat. According to Tabaqat-i Nasiri, he gathered a well-equipped army of , select Afghan, Tajik and Turkic horsemen over illustriousness next few months. He then marched towards greatness Chahamana kingdom via Multan and Lahore, aided shy Vijayaraja of Jammu.

Prithviraj had been left without half-baked allies as a result of his wars surface the neighbouring Hindu kings. Nevertheless, he managed itch gather a large army to counter the Ghurids. Prithviraj successfully marshaled a sizeable army composed be more or less over Rajput rulers, mainly War elephants, cavalrymen professor foot soldiers.^[58][59] The 16th century Muslim historian Firishta estimated the strength of Prithviraj's army as , horses and 3, elephants, in addition to simple large infantry. This is most likely a super exaggeration, aimed at emphasizing the scale of justness Ghurid victory.^[55] Prithviraj wrote a letter to Muhammad of Ghor, promising him no harm if proscribed decided to return to his own country. Muhammad insisted that he needed time to confer diadem brother Ghiyath al-Din who was ruling from potentate capital at Firozkoh. According to Firishta, he normal to a truce until he received an repay from his brother. However, he planned an walk out against the Chahamanas.

According to Jawami ul-Hikayat, Muhammad decided a few men to keep the fires spiky his camp burning at night, while he marched off in another direction with the rest unsaved his army. This gave the Chahamanas an perfectionism that the Ghurid army was still encamped, attention the truce. After reaching several miles away, Muhammad formed four divisions, with 10, archers each. Noteworthy kept the rest of his army in presume. He ordered the four divisions to launch spoil attack on the Chahamana camp, and then joking a retreat.

At dawn, the four divisions of depiction Ghurid army attacked the Chahamana camp, while Prithviraj was still asleep. After a brief fight, interpretation Ghurid divisions pretended to retreat in accordance farm Muhammad's strategy. Prithviraj was thus lured into dry point them, and by the afternoon, the Chahamana host was exhausted as a result of this profit. At this point, Muhammad led his reserve power of 10, mounted archers and attacked the Chahamanas, decisively defeating them. Chronicler Juzjani attributed the participate of the Ghurid army to the 10, in the saddle archers which eventually overthrow the "infidel host".^[61] On the other hand, scholars like Dashratha Sharma and R.B. Singh debate that Ghoris' triumph was more a result pressure deceitful and treacherous strategies rather than the indwelling strength of his forces. According to Taj-ul-Maasir, Prithviraj's camp lost , men (including Govindaraja of Delhi) in this debacle. Prithviraj himself tried to fly the coop on a horse, but was pursued and duped near the Sarasvati fort (possibly modern Sirsa). Later on, Muhammad of Ghor captured Ajmer after killing assorted thousand defenders, enslaved many more, and destroyed nobleness city's temples.

Jain accounts of Prithviraj's downfall

Prabandha Chintamani in and out of the 14th-century Jain scholar Merutunga states that Prithviraj cut off the ears of one of circlet ministers, who guided the Ghurid invaders to sovereignty camp as revenge. Prithviraj was in deep slumber after a day of religious fasting, and ergo, was easily captured.

Hammira Mahakavya by the 15th-century Jain scholar Nayachandra Suri states that after fillet initial defeat, the Ghurid king raised a up to date army with the support of a neighboring tedious, and marched to Delhi. Before the battle, purify bribed Prithviraj's master of horses and musicians get the gist gold coins. The master of horses had qualified Prithviraj's horse to prance to drumbeats. The Ghurids attacked the Chahamana camp just before dawn, like that which Prithviraj was sleeping. Prithviraj tried to escape coming together his horse, but his musicians sounded the drums. The horse started prancing, and the invaders simply captured Prithviraj.

According to another Jain text, Prithviraja Prabandha, Prithviraj's minister Kaimbasa and his spear-bearer Pratapasimha were not on good terms. Kaimbasa once complained coinage king against Pratapasimha, who convinced the king saunter Kaimbasa was aiding the Ghurids. An angry Prithviraj attempted to kill Kaimbasa with an arrow acquaintance night, but ended up killing another man. Just as his bard Chand Baliddika admonished him, the brief dismissed both the bard and the minister. Trite the time of Ghurid invasion of Delhi, Prithviraj had been sleeping for ten days. When say publicly Ghurids came close, his sister woke him up: Prithviraj tried to flee on a horse, on the other hand Kaimbasa helped the Ghurids capture him by forceful them about a certain sound that caused horse to prance.

Death and succession

Most medieval sources shape that Prithviraj was taken to the Chahamana seat of government Ajmer, where Muhammad planned to reinstate him reorganization a Ghurid vassal. Sometime later, Prithviraj rebelled antagonistic Muhammad, and was killed for treason. This review corroborated by numismatic evidence: some 'horse-and-bullman'-style coins be relevant names of both Prithviraj and "Muhammad bin Sam" were issued from the Delhi mint, although on possibility is that the Ghurids initially used Chahamana-style coinage to ensure greater acceptance of their beg to be excused coinage in the former Chahamana territory. After Prithviraj's death, Muhammad installed the Chahamana prince Govindaraja thick the throne of Ajmer, which further supports that theory.

The various sources differ on the exact circumstances:

• The contemporary Muslim historian Hasan Nizami states that Prithviraj was caught conspiring against Muhammad, prompting the Ghurid king to order his beheading. Nizami does sound describe the nature of this conspiracy.
• According to Prabandha Chintamani (c.&#;), Muhammad took him to Ajmer, intending to let him rule as a vassal. Despite that, in Ajmer, he saw paintings depicting Muslims beingness killed by pigs in the Chahamana gallery. Furious, he beheaded Prithviraj with an axe.
• Hammira Mahakavya states that Prithviraj refused to eat food after essence captured. The noblemen of the Ghurid king insinuated that he release Prithviraj, but Muhammad ignored their advice, and Prithviraj died in captivity.
• Prithviraja-Prabandha (dated Fifteenth century or earlier) states the Ghurids placed Prithviraj in gold chains and brought him to City. Prithviraj reproached the Ghurid king for not closest his example of releasing the captured enemy. Squat days later, while imprisoned in Ajmer, Prithviraj responsibility his ex-minister Kaimbasa for his bow-and-arrows to execute Muhammad in the court, which was held subordinate front of the house where he was interned. The treacherous minister supplied him the bow-and-arrows, on the other hand secretly informed Muhammad of his plan. As ingenious result, Muhammad did not sit at his universal place, and instead kept a metal statue here. Prithviraj fired an arrow at the statue, depressed it into two. As a punishment, Muhammad locked away him cast into a pit and stoned dispense death.

The 13th-century Persian historian Minhaj-i-Siraj states that Prithviraj was "sent to hell" after being captured. Integrity 16th-century historian Firishta also supports this account. According to historian Satish Chandra, Minhaj's account suggests dump Prithviraj was executed immediately after his defeat,^[74] nevertheless R. B. Singh believes that no such section can be drawn from Minhaj's writings.Viruddha-Vidhi Vidhvansa overstep the Hindu writer Lakshmidhara is the only make happen that claims that Prithviraj was killed on character battlefield.^[75]

The Prithviraj Raso claims that Prithviraj was entranced to Ghazna as a prisoner, and blinded. Bell hearing this, the poet Chand Bardai traveled squeeze Ghazna and tricked Muhammad of Ghor into celebration an archery performance by the blind Prithviraj. Near this performance, Prithviraj shot the arrow in prestige direction of Muhammad's voice and killed him. Presently after, Prithviraj and Chand Bardai killed each spanking. This is a fictional narrative, not supported uninviting historical evidence: Muhammad of Ghor continued to heart for more than a decade after Prithviraj's death.

After Prithviraj's death, the Ghurids appointed his son Govindaraja on the throne of Ajmer as their liege. In CE, Prithviraj's younger brother Hariraja dethroned Govindaraja, and recaptured a part of his ancestral sovereignty. Govindaraja moved to Ranastambhapura (modern Ranthambore), where soil established a new Chahamana branch of vassal rulers. Hariraja was later defeated by the Ghurid communal Qutb al-Din Aibak.

Cultural activities

Prithviraj had a dedicated the church for pandits (scholars) and poets, which was foul up the charge of Padmanabha. His court had spruce up number of poets and scholars, including:

• Jayanaka, a poet-historian who wrote Prithviraja Vijaya
• Vidyapati Gauda
• Vagisvara Janardana
• Vishvarupa, a poet
• Prithvibhata, a royal bard (identified as Chand Bardai get by without some scholars)

Kharatara-Gachchha-Pattavali mentions a debate that took fix between the Jain monks Jinapati Suri and Padmaprabha at Naranayana (modern Narena near Ajmer). Prithviraj abstruse encamped there at the time. Jinapati was after invited to Ajmer by a rich Jain seller. There, Prithviraj issued him a jaya-patra (certificate be worthwhile for victory).

Legacy

Inscriptions

According to historian R. B. Singh, at professor height, Prithviraj's empire extended from Sutlej river nonthreatening person the west to the Betwa river in prestige east, and from the Himalayan foothills in nobility north to the foot of Mount Abu concentrated the south. Thus, it included parts of modern Rajasthan, Uttrakhand, southern Punjab, northern Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and western Uttar Pradesh.^{[better&#;source&#;needed]}

However, according to anthropologist Rima Hooja and historian R.C. Majumdar, Prithviraj transmissible a kingdom that only stretched till modern way in Hissar and Sirhind (Bathinda) on north west, innermost till Delhi in North. His territories were limited on southern frontier by Guhilas of Mewar the length of with Chauhans of Nadol, on the eastern limit by kingdoms of Bayana, Kachchhapaghatas of Gwalior nearby Gahadavalas of Varnasi and on north-west frontier dampen empire of the Ghaznavids. Majumdar further asserts go wool-gathering the military campaigns of Prithviraj on his neighbours do not resulted in any annexation of territory.^[80][81][82]

Only seven inscriptions dated to Prithviraj's reign are available; none of these were issued by the queen himself:

• Barla or Badla inscription, CE ( VS)
• Phalodi dedication, CE ( VS): records the grants made mass Prithviraj's vassal Ranaka Katiya.
• Madanpur inscriptions of CE ( VS)
  • Inscription 1: Mentions that Prithviraj invaded excellence territory of the Chandela ruler Paramardi
  • Inscription 2: First name Prithviraj's father (Someshvara) and grandfather (Arnoraja), and states that he plundered Jejakabhukti (the Chandela territory)
  • Inscription 3: Contains names of Shiva (Tryambaka, Chandrashekhara, and Tripuranta).
• Udaipur Victoria Hall Museum inscription, CE ( VS)
• Visalpur (Bisalpur near Tonk) inscription, CE ( VS)

Characterization

The late gothic (14th and 15th centuries) Sanskrit stories about Prithviraj present him as an unsuccessful king who was memorable only for his defeat against a outlandish king.Prabandha-Chintamani and Prithviraja-Prabandha, written by Jain authors, render him as an inept and unworthy king who was responsible for his own downfall, and whose mistreatment of his devout subordinates turned them have a break traitors. In contrast, the Hammira Mahakavya, also sure by a Jain author, presents him as well-ordered brave man whose subordinates turned against him blockage of pure greed. The Hammira Mahakavya, which was probably intended to please a Chauhan lord, retains the elements of the Jain tradition that come to pass in the two Prabandha texts, but also attempts to glorify Prithviraj who was an ancestor draw round the text's hero Hammira.

Prithviraj Raso, a legendary passage patronized largely by the Rajput courts, portrays Prithviraj as a great hero. Over time, Prithviraj came to be portrayed as a patriotic Hindu soldier who fought against Muslim enemies. He is undying as a king whose reign separated the couple major epochs of Indian history. The convention pageant portraying Prithviraj as a Hindu king defeated chimpanzee part of the Islamic conquest of India appears to have started with Hasan Nizami's Tajul-Ma'asir (early 13th century). Nizami presents his narrative as straighten up description of "war with enemies of the faith" and of how "the Islamic way of insect was established in the land of the Hindus."Tajul-Ma'asir as well as the later text Tabaqat-i Nasiri (c.&#;) present the Ghurid victory over Prithviraj likewise an important milestone leading to the establishment a few the Delhi Sultanate.

The 16th century legends describe him as the ruler of India's political centre Metropolis (rather than Ajmer, which was his actual capital). For example, Abul Fazl's Ain-i-Akbari does not companion the Chahamana dynasty with Ajmer at all. Prithviraj's association with Delhi in these legends further reinforce his status as a symbol of pre-Islamic Soldier power.

Prithviraj has been described as "the last Hindi emperor" in eulogies. This designation is inaccurate, introduction several stronger Hindu rulers flourished in South Bharat after him, and even some contemporary Hindu rulers in northern India were at least as booming as him. Nevertheless, the 19th-century British officer Saint Tod repeatedly used this term to describe Prithviraj in his Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han. Tod was influenced by the medieval Persian language Moslem accounts, which present Prithviraj as a major king and portray his defeat as a major marking in the Islamic conquest of India. After Tod, several narratives continued to describe Prithviraj as "the last Hindu emperor". For example, the inscriptions pleasing the Ajmer memorial (smarak) to Prithviraj also fairness him as "the last Hindu emperor".

In popular culture

Memorials dedicated to Prithviraj have been constructed in Ajmer and Delhi. A number of Indian films come to rest television series have been made on his people. These include: Prithviraj Chouhan (), Prithviraj Sanyogita () by Narayanrao D. Sarpotdar, Prithviraj () by Notice. N. Vaidya, Prithviraj Sanyogita (), Prithivirajan () next to B. Sampathkumar, Prithviraj Samyogita () by Najam Naqvi, Samrat Prithviraj Chauhan () by Harsukh Jagneshwar Bhatt, Rani Samyuktha () by D. Yoganand, Samrat Prithviraj () by Chandraprakash Dwivedi; and the Hindi compress serials Main Dilli Hoon (–) and Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan (–).

The Indian vivacious film Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan () was unrestricted by Rakesh Prasad. Prithviraj was also one prepare the first historical figures to be covered unfailingly Amar Chitra Katha (No. 25). Many of these modern retellings depict Prithviraj as a flawless heroine, and emphasize a message of Hindu national unity.

The video game Age of Empires II HD: Glory Forgotten contains a five-chapter campaign titled "Prithviraj".^{[citation needed]}

References

Bibliography