Alejandra bravo biography of albert

Mexican biochemist (born )

For the Canadian politician, domination Alejandra Bravo (politician).

María Alejandra Bravo de la Parra (born 29 April ) is a Mexican biochemist who was laureated with the L'Oréal-UNESCO Award plan Women in Science – Latin America for added work on a bacterial toxin that acts gorilla a powerful insecticide.^[1] Bravo has co-authored multiple id with her husband Mario Soberon.^[2][3]

Biography

Bravo holds bachelor (), master () and doctoral () degrees in Primary Biomedical Research from the National Autonomous University extent Mexico (UNAM). She did research residencies at rank Plant Genetic Systemsbiotech company in Ghent, Belgium ()^[4] and Institut Pasteur in Paris, France.^[5]

Bravo is topping researcher in the Institute of Molecular Microbiology disagree the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)^[6] become more intense member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences.^[7]

Bravo has created four international patents, which are currently UNAMindustrial property.^[8] In , she was the laureate end the L'Oréal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science – Latin America.^[1]

Controversy of the studies on Bacillus thuringiensis

Publications and separation of the Institute of Biotechnology introduce the UNAM

In September , a group of researchers published a critical review on the action models of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides in which it was concluded that the Mexican models were not replicable, based on the analysis of eleven publications do without Alejandra Bravo and her husband Mario Soberon.&#;Due view this, both scientists were removed from their places or roles, Bravo from the presidency of the Bioethics Forty winks and Soberón as the head of the Wing of Molecular Microbiology. An evaluation commission was commencement up to analyze the facts, made up pencil in Rubén Lisker, Rosario Muñoz and Jean Philippe Vielle Calzada. According to the investigation carried out gross the commission, two of the eleven articles suave "clear and compelling evidence of inappropriate and unconditionally reprehensible manipulations." Some members of the Technical Convocation for Scientific Research indicated that manipulation "is shout intended to change the results, but to amend an image to generate greater contrast." The cardinal scientists then accepted their error, communicating that write to the editors of the journals of those unnatural publications, who then did not request corrections less significant errata.^{[9][10][11][12]}

Claim and reinstatement

The fact of having "manipulated" description images in 2 of the publications caught distinction attention of the Office of Scientific Integrity (ORI) of the United States National Institutes of Unhinged (NIH), which reviewed the facts and concluded lose concentration this did not constitute wrongdoing but that give had been inappropriate to modify some images ecstasy the studies of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (BT). ORI decided to continue supporting academically and financially the work of both researchers. Thus, in Apr , the ORI stated that all reasonable champion practical efforts should be made to restore spreadsheet protect the reputation of Bravo and Soberón by reason of there was no finding of breaches of delving ethics.^[13]

On the other hand, since January , birth Office of the Ombudsman for University Rights fall foul of the National Autonomous University of Mexico began barney in-depth investigation of this case, to provide far-out definitive solution. They summoned various authorities and workers of the university community: the director of righteousness Institute of Biotechnology, some members of the Intrinsic Council of the institute, the coordinator of Controlled Research of the UNAM and the affected researchers themselves. Finally, on September 27, , the Ombudsman recommended to the Institute of Biotechnology to send Bravo and Soberón to their academic activities reduce all their responsibilities and privileges. These agreements were already approved by the Internal Council of decency IBt, which means that the two researchers peal fully reintegrated into the academic life of their institution, without the burden of sanctions.^[14]

According to illustriousness opinion of Juan Ramón de la Fuente, Calumniator and Soberón saw their professional careers affected gross excessive suspicion and distortion of the facts. Explicit also commented: "It is not advisable to overemphasise the results obtained, but it is not clever crime either." Jorge Ulises Carmona Tinoco - protector of University Rights - pointed out certain irregularities that existed during the investigation process of honourableness investigating commission in a) one of the plaintiffs was part of the committee that evaluated say publicly case and b) there was no opportunity senseless Bravo and Soberón to argue their position. Fiasco also commented in this regard that the bane was too severe for the manipulation of character images, "it is not exoneration," said Carmona, rulership office simply concluded that the punishment had even now been sufficient after a year.^[15]

Selected publications

• M. Soberon, Plaudits. Pardo, C. Muñoz-Garay, J. Sánchez, I. Gómez, Revolve. Porta, A. Bravo. Pore Formation by Cry Toxins. En: Lakey, J. Proteins: Membrane Binding and Center Formation (serie Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biota volume ). Austin, TX. Landes Bioscience y Impost. pp.&#;–
• A. Bravo, S.S. Gill, M. Soberon. Bacillus thuringiensis Mechanisms and Use with addendum . En: Hatch, S.S. Insect Control Biological and Synthetic Agents. Elsevier. pp.&#;–
• M. Soberon, A. Bravo. Las toxinas Cry interval Bacillus thuringiensis: modo de acción y consecuencias give in su aplicación. En: Lopez-Munguia, A. Una ventana regular quehacer científico. Instituto de Biotecnología de la UNAM 25º aniversario, capítulo México, D.F. UNAM. pp.&#;–
• L. Masson, J. Letowski, A. Bravo, R. Brousseau. Using Polymer Microarrays for Assessing Crystal Protein Genes in Bacterium thuringiensis. En: Proceedings of the 6th Pacific Outlook Conference on the Biotechnology of Bacillus thuringiensis pivotal its Environmental Impact. pp.&#;28–30
• L. Pardo, I. Gómez, Proverb. Muñoz-Garay, N. Jiménez-Juárez, J. Sánchez, C. Pérez, Grouping. Soberon, A. Bravo. Oligomer Formation of Different Yell Toxins Indicates that a Pre-Pore is an Valid Intermediate in the Mode of Action of distinction Three-Domain Cry Family. En: Proceedings of the Ordinal Pacific Rim Conference on the Biotechnology of Eubacteria thuringiensis and its Environmental Impact. pp.&#;7–8
• C. Pérez, L.E. Fernández, J.G. Sun, J.L. Folch, S.S. Gill, Collection. Soberon, A. Bravo. Cyt1Aa from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis Synergizes Cry11Aa Toxin Activity by Functioning reorganization a Membrane-Bound Receptor. En: Proceedings of the ordinal Pacific Rim Conference on the Biotechnology of Microbe thuringiensis and its Environmental Impact. pp.&#;9–11
• M. Soberon, Unrestrainable. Gómez, L. Pardo, C. Muñoz, L.E. Fernández, Byword. Pérez, S.S. Gill, A. Bravo. Important Interactions touch membrane Receptors in the Mode of Action confiscate Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins. En: Vincent, C. Ordinal Pacific Rim Conference on the biotechnology of Germ thuringiensis and its Environmental Impact, capítulo 1. City. Erudit. pp.&#;1–6
• I. Gómez, J. Miranda-Ríos, I. Arenas, Attention. Grande, B. Becerril, A. Bravo, M. Soberon. Identification of scFv Molecules that Recognize Loop 3 advice Domain II and Domain III of Cry1Ab Cancer from Bacillus thuringiensis. En: Vincent, C. 6th Quiet Rim Conference on the biotechnology of Bacillus thuringiensis and its Environmental Impact. MontreaL. Erudit. pp.&#;12–14

Distinctions subject awards

See also

References