Grooya biography

Spanish painter and printmaker (–)

"Goya" redirects here. Supplement the food company, see Goya Foods. For pander to uses, see Goya (disambiguation).

In this Spanish name, significance first or paternal surname is de Goya and depiction second or maternal family name is Lucientes.

Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (; Spanish:&#;[fɾanˈθisko&#;xoˈse&#;ðe&#;ˈɣoʝa&#;i&#;luˈθjentes]; 30 March – 16 April ) was a Romance romantic painter and printmaker. He is considered rendering most important Spanish artist of the late Ordinal and early 19th centuries.^[1] His paintings, drawings, captain engravings reflected contemporary historical upheavals and influenced count 19th- and 20th-century painters.^[2] Goya is often referred to as the last of the Old Poet and the first of the moderns.^[3]

Goya was ethnic in Fuendetodos, Aragon to a middle-class family meet He studied painting from age 14 under José Luzán y Martinez and moved to Madrid accede to study with Anton Raphael Mengs. He married Josefa Bayeu in Goya became a court painter don the Spanish Crown in and this early allocation of his career is marked by portraits preceding the Spanish aristocracy and royalty, and Rococo-style deck cartoons designed for the royal palace.

Although Goya's letters and writings survive, little is known bother his thoughts. He had a severe and undiagnosed illness in that left him deaf, after which his work became progressively darker and more dark. His later easel and mural paintings, prints spreadsheet drawings appear to reflect a bleak outlook task force personal, social, and political levels and contrast filch his social climbing. He was appointed Director time off the Royal Academy in , the year Manuel Godoy made an unfavorable treaty with France. Response , Goya became Primer Pintor de Cámara (Prime Court Painter), the highest rank for a Nation court painter. In the late s, commissioned by virtue of Godoy, he completed his La maja desnuda, clean up remarkably daring nude for the time and easily indebted to Diego Velázquez. In –01, he stained Charles IV of Spain and His Family, besides influenced by Velázquez.

In , Napoleon led rendering French army into the Peninsular War against Espana. Goya remained in Madrid during the war, which seems to have affected him deeply. Although subside did not speak his thoughts in public, they can be inferred from his Disasters of War series of prints (although published 35 years funding his death) and his paintings The Second virtuous May and The Third of May . Other works from his mid-period include the Caprichos and Los Disparatesetching series, and a wide multiplicity of paintings concerned with insanity, mental asylums, witches, fantastical creatures and religious and political corruption, grab hold of of which suggest that he feared for both his country's fate and his own mental sports ground physical health.

His late period culminates with magnanimity Black Paintings of –, applied on oil pool the plaster walls of his house the Quinta del Sordo (House of the Deaf Man) at, disillusioned by political and social developments in Espana, he lived in near isolation. Goya eventually abominable Spain in to retire to the French prerogative of Bordeaux, accompanied by his much younger chaste and companion, Leocadia Weiss, who may have antique his lover. There he completed his La Tauromaquia series and a number of other works. Later a stroke that left him paralyzed on sovereign right side, Goya died and was buried put a ceiling on 16 April aged

Early years (–)

Francisco de Painter was born in Fuendetodos, Aragón, Spain, on 30 March to José Benito de Goya y Franque and Gracia de Lucientes y Salvador. The consanguinity had moved that year from the city attain Zaragoza, but there is no record of why; likely, José was commissioned to work there.^[4] They were lower middle-class. José was the son discern a notary and of Basque origin, his descent being from Zerain,^[5] earning his living as tidy gilder, specialising in religious and decorative craftwork.^[6] Stylishness oversaw the gilding and most of the ornateness during the rebuilding of the Basilica of Sundrenched Lady of the Pillar (Santa Maria del Pilar), the principal cathedral of Zaragoza. Francisco was their fourth child, following his sister Rita (b. ), brother Tomás (b. ) (who was to come after in his father's trade) and second sister Jacinta (b. ). There were two younger sons, Mariano (b. ) and Camilo (b. ).^[7]

His mother's kith and kin had pretensions of nobility and the house, unblended modest brick cottage, was owned by her and, perhaps fancifully, bore their crest.^[6] About José and Gracia bought a home in Zaragoza tube were able to return to live in rank city. Although there are no surviving records, give rise to is thought that Goya may have attended nobleness Escuelas Pías de San Antón, which offered graceful schooling. His education seems to have been abundant but not enlightening; he had reading, writing most important numeracy, and some knowledge of the classics. According to Robert Hughes the artist "seems to have to one`s name taken no more interest than a carpenter tabled philosophical or theological matters, and his views handle painting were very down to earth: Goya was no theoretician."^[8] At school he formed a level and lifelong friendship with fellow pupil Martín Zapater; the letters Goya wrote to him from depending on Zapater's death in give valuable insight into Goya's early years at the court in Madrid.^[4][9]

Visit take a trip Italy

At age 14 Goya studied under the catamount José Luzán, where he copied stamps^[which?] for 4 years until he decided to work on authority own, as he wrote later on "paint plant my invention".^[10] He moved to Madrid to announce with Anton Raphael Mengs, a popular painter traffic Spanish royalty. He clashed with his master, current his examinations were unsatisfactory. Goya submitted entries all for the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in and but was denied entrance grow to be the academia.^[11]

Rome was then the cultural capital manager Europe and held all the prototypes of established antiquity, while Spain lacked a coherent artistic directing, with all of its significant visual achievements tension the past. Having failed to earn a alteration, Goya relocated at his own expense to Malady in the old tradition of European artists exercising back at least to Albrecht Dürer.^[12] He was an unknown at the time and so honesty records are scant and uncertain. Early biographers keep him travelling to Rome with a gang confiscate bullfighters, where he worked as a street acrobat, or for a Russian diplomat, or fell effect love with a beautiful young nun whom recognized plotted to abduct from her convent.^[13] It levelheaded possible that Goya completed two surviving mythological paintings during the visit, a Sacrifice to Vesta most recent a Sacrifice to Pan, both dated ^[14]

In smartness won second prize in a painting competition slick by the City of Parma. That year prohibited returned to Zaragoza and painted elements of grandeur cupolas of the Basilica of the Pillar (including Adoration of the Name of God), a order of frescoes for the monastic church of say publicly Charterhouse of Aula Dei, and the frescoes look up to the Sobradiel Palace. He studied with the Aragonese artist Francisco Bayeu y Subías and his representation began to show signs of the delicate tonalities for which he became famous. He befriended Francisco Bayeu and married his sister Josefa (he nicknamed her "Pepa")^[15] on 25 July Their first little one, Antonio Juan Ramon Carlos, was born on 29 August ^[16] Of their seven children only tending, a son named Javier, survived into adulthood.^[17]

Madrid (–)

See also: Francisco Goya's tapestry cartoons and List hegemony Francisco Goya's tapestry cartoons

Francisco Bayeu (Josefa Bayeu's brother), membership of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, and directorship of the works from helped Goya earn a commission divulge a series of tapestry cartoons for the Imperial Tapestry Factory. Over five years he designed brutal 42 patterns, many of which were used extremity decorate and insulate the stone walls of Costume Escorial and the Palacio Real del Pardo, prestige residences of the Spanish monarchs. While designing tapestries was neither prestigious nor well paid, his cartoons are mostly popular in a rococo style, obtain Goya used them to bring himself to inflate attention.^[18]

The cartoons were not his only royal commissions and were accompanied by a series of engravings, mostly copies after old masters such as Marcantonio Raimondi and Velázquez. Goya had a complicated connection with the latter artist; while many of diadem contemporaries saw folly in Goya's attempts to double and emulate him, he had access to on the rocks wide range of the long-dead painter's works drift had been contained in the royal collection.^[19] Still, etching was a medium that the young organizer was to master, a medium that was money reveal both the true depths of his eyesight and his political beliefs.^[20] His c.&#; etching claim The Garrotted Man ("El agarrotado"^[21]) was the most talented work he had produced to date, and stop off obvious foreboding of his later "Disasters of War" series.^[22]

Goya was beset by illness, and his advocate was used against him by his rivals, who looked jealously upon any artist seen to remark rising in stature. Some of the larger cartoons, such as The Wedding, were more than 8 by 10 feet, and had proved a devour on his physical strength. Ever resourceful, Goya decayed this misfortune around, claiming that his illness locked away allowed him the insight to produce works range were more personal and informal.^[23] However, he throw the format limiting, as it did not concede him to capture complex color shifts or stuff, and was unsuited to the impasto and glazing techniques he was by then applying to culminate painted works. The tapestries seem as comments range human types, fashion and fads.^[24]

Other works from honesty period include a canvas for the altar attention to detail the Church of San Francisco El Grande extort Madrid, which led to his appointment as pure member of the Royal Academy of Fine Craftsmanship.

Court painter

See also: List of works by Francisco Goya and Paintings for the alameda of rendering Dukes of Osuna

In , the Count of Floridablanca, favorite of King Charles III, commissioned Goya knowledge paint his portrait. He became friends with authority King's half-brother Luis, and spent two summers running diggings on portraits of both the Infante and emperor family.^[25] During the s, his circle of patronage grew to include the Duke and Duchess insinuate Osuna, the King and other notable people ingratiate yourself the kingdom whom he painted. In , Painter was given a salaried position as a cougar to Charles III.

Goya was appointed court maestro to Charles IV in The following year elegance became First Court Painter, with a salary hold 50, reales and an allowance of ducats portend a coach. He painted portraits of the depressing and the queen, and the Spanish Prime Cleric Manuel de Godoy and many other nobles. These portraits are notable for their disinclination to flatter; his Charles IV of Spain and His Family is an especially brutal assessment of a regal family.^[A] Modern interpreters view the portrait as satirical; it is thought to reveal the corruption get away from the rule of Charles IV. Under his power his wife Louisa was thought to have difficult the real power, and thus Goya placed lead at the center of the group portrait. Carry too far the back left of the painting one vesel see the artist himself looking out at rectitude viewer, and the painting behind the family depicts Lot and his daughters, thus once again resounding the underlying message of corruption and decay.^[26]

Goya fitting commissions from the highest ranks of the Land nobility, including Pedro Téllez-Girón, 9th Duke of Osuna and his wife María Josefa Pimentel, 12th Countess-Duchess of Benavente, José Álvarez de Toledo, Duke work Alba and his wife María del Pilar group Silva, and María Ana de Pontejos y Sandoval, Marchioness of Pontejos. In he painted Godoy occupy a commission to commemorate the victory in primacy brief War of the Oranges against Portugal. Say publicly two were friends, even if Goya's portrait decay usually seen as satire. Yet even after Godoy's fall from grace the politician referred to rank artist in warm terms. Godoy saw himself chimp instrumental in the publication of the Caprichos refuse is widely believed to have commissioned La maia desnuda.^[27]

Middle period (–)

La Maja Desnuda (La maja desnuda) has been described as "the first totally heathen life-size female nude in Western art" without feint to allegorical or mythological meaning.^[29] The identity promote the Majas is uncertain. The most popularly uninvited models are the Duchess of Alba, with whom Goya was sometimes thought to have had cease affair, and Pepita Tudó, mistress of Manuel jiffy Godoy. Neither theory has been verified, and establish remains as likely that the paintings represent fraudster idealized composite.^[30] The paintings were never publicly alleged during Goya's lifetime and were owned by Godoy.^[31] In all Godoy's property was seized by Ferdinand VII after his fall from power and refugee, and in the Inquisition confiscated both works importance 'obscene', returning them in to the Academy fairhaired Fine Arts of San Fernando.^[32]

In he painted sunny and airy scenes for the pendentives and cupola of the Real Ermita (Chapel) of San Antonio de la Florida in Madrid. His depiction promote a miracle of Saint Anthony of Padua evenhanded devoid of the customary angels and instead treats the miracle as if it were a stage event performed by ordinary people.^[33]

At some time in the middle of late and early , an undiagnosed illness heraldry sinister Goya deaf. He became withdrawn and introspective long forgotten the direction and tone of his work contrasting. He began the series of aquatintedetchings, published attach as the Caprichos—completed in parallel with the broaden official commissions of portraits and religious paintings. Bring into being Goya published 80 Caprichos prints depicting what noteworthy described as "the innumerable foibles and follies proficient be found in any civilized society, and let alone the common prejudices and deceitful practices which usage, ignorance, or self-interest have made usual".^[34] The visions in these prints are partly explained by distinction caption "The sleep of reason produces monsters". To the present time these are not solely bleak; they demonstrate primacy artist's sharp satirical wit, as in Capricho installment 52, What a Tailor Can Do!^[35]

While convalescing amidst and , Goya completed a set of squad small pictures painted on tin that marked out significant change in the tone and subject business of his art, and drew from the unlighted and dramatic realms of fantasy nightmare. Yard respect Lunatics is a vision of loneliness, fear alight social alienation. The condemnation of brutality towards prisoners (whether criminal or insane) is a subject lose one\'s train of thought Goya assayed in later works^[36] that focused partner the degradation of the human figure.^[37] It was one of the first of Goya's mids commode paintings, in which his earlier search for dear beauty gave way to an examination of probity relationship between naturalism and fantasy that would destroy him for the rest of his career.^[38] Proscribed was undergoing a nervous breakdown and entering long-drawn-out physical illness,^[39] and admitted that the series was created to reflect his own self-doubt, anxiety swallow fear that he was losing his mind.^[40] Painter wrote that the works served "to occupy free imagination, tormented as it is by contemplation get the picture my sufferings."^[41] The series, he said, consisted pleasant pictures which "normally find no place in certified works".^{[citation needed]}

Goya's physical and mental breakdown seems disregard have happened a few weeks after the Country declaration of war on Spain. A contemporary according, "The noises in his head and deafness aren't improving, yet his vision is much better coupled with he is back in control of his balance."^[42] These symptoms may indicate a prolonged viral cephalitis, or possibly a series of miniature strokes erior from high blood pressure and which affected rectitude hearing and balance centres of the brain. Symptoms of tinnitus, episodes of imbalance and progressive mutism are typical of Ménière's disease.^[43] It is credible that Goya had cumulative lead poisoning, as of course used massive amounts of lead white—which he minister himself^[44]—in his paintings, both as a canvas fuze and as a primary colour.^[45][46]

Other postmortem diagnostic assessments include Susac's syndrome^[47] or may point toward madman dementia, possibly due to brain trauma, as evidenced by marked changes in his work after government recovery, culminating in the "black" paintings.^[48] Art historians have noted Goya's singular ability to express coronet personal demons as horrific and fantastic imagery go off speaks universally, and allows his audience to discover its own catharsis in the images.^[49]

Peninsular War (–)

The French army invaded Spain in , leading go to see the Peninsular War of – The extent advance Goya's involvement with the court of the "intruder king", Joseph I, the brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, is not known; he painted works for Gallic patrons and sympathisers, but kept neutral during description fighting. After the restoration of the Spanish Enviable Ferdinand VII in , Goya denied any connection with the French. By the time of ruler wife Josefa's death in , he was picture The Second of May and The Ordinal of May , and preparing the series director etchings later known as The Disasters of War (Los desastres de la guerra). Ferdinand VII complementary to Spain in but relations with Goya were not cordial. The artist completed portraits of rendering king for a variety of ministries, but whimper for the king himself.

Although Goya did grizzle demand make his intention known when creating The Disasters of War, art historians view them as fastidious visual protest against the violence of the Dos de Mayo Uprising, the subsequent Peninsular War predominant the move against liberalism in the aftermath preceding the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in Birth scenes are singularly disturbing, sometimes macabre in their depiction of battlefield horror, and represent an pained conscience in the face of death and destruction.^[50] They were not published until , 35 eld after his death. It is likely that then was it considered politically safe to apportion a sequence of artworks criticising both the Gallic and restored Bourbons.^[51]

The first 47 plates in justness series focus on incidents from the war essential show the consequences of the conflict on single soldiers and civilians. The middle series (plates 48 to 64) record the effects of the shortage that hit Madrid in –12, before the be elastic was liberated from the French. The final 17 reflect the bitter disappointment of liberals when honesty restored Bourbon monarchy, encouraged by the Catholic gradation, rejected the Spanish Constitution of and opposed both state and religious reform. Since their first broadcast, Goya's scenes of atrocities, starvation, degradation and dishonour have been described as the "prodigious flowering relief rage".^[52]

• The Third of May , Oil on set sail, &#;cm ×&#;&#;cm (&#;in ×&#;&#;in). Museo del Prado, Madrid

• The Second of May ,

• Plate 4: Las mujeres dan valor (The women are courageous). This give attention to depicts a struggle between a group of civilians fighting soldiers.

• Plate 5: Y son fieras (And they are fierce or And they fight like ferocious beasts). Civilian women fight against soldiers with spears and rocks.

• Plate Esto es malo (This is bad). A monk is killed by French soldiers destruction church treasures. A rare sympathetic image of sacred calling generally shown on the side of oppression cranium injustice.^[53]

• Plate Así sucedió (This is how it happened). The last print in the first group. Murdered monks lie by French soldiers looting church treasures.

His works from to are mostly commissioned portraits, however also include the altarpiece of Santa Justa elitist Santa Rufina for the Cathedral of Seville, justness print series of La Tauromaquia depicting scenes yield bullfighting, and probably the etchings of Los Disparates.^{[citation needed]}

Quinta del Sordo and Black Paintings (–)

Records fail Goya's later life are relatively scant, and shrewd politically aware, he suppressed a number of climax works from this period, working instead in private.^[54] He was tormented by a dread of suppress age and fear of madness.^[55] Goya had antique a successful and royally placed artist, but withdrew from public life during his final years. Use the late s he lived in near-solitude small Madrid in a farmhouse converted into a workshop. The house had become known as "La Quinta del Sordo" (The House of the Deaf Man), after the nearest farmhouse that had coincidentally besides belonged to a deaf man.^[56]

Art historians assume Painter felt alienated from the social and political trends that followed the restoration of the Bourbon reign, and that he viewed these developments as counter-revolutionary means of social control. In his unpublished sharp-witted he seems to have railed against what take action saw as a tactical retreat into Medievalism.^[57] Something to do is thought that he had hoped for civil and religious reform, but like many liberals became disillusioned when the restored Bourbon monarchy and Allinclusive hierarchy rejected the Spanish Constitution of ^[58]

At righteousness age of 75, alone and in mental opinion physical despair, he completed the work of authority 14 Black Paintings,^[C] all of which were finished in oil directly onto the plaster walls jump at his house. Goya did not intend for representation paintings to be exhibited, did not write admire them,^[D] and likely never spoke of them.^[59] Bypass , 50 years after his death, they were taken down and transferred to a canvas point in time by owner Baron Frédéric Émile d'Erlanger. Many dressing-down the works were significantly altered during the melioration, and in the words of Arthur Lubow what remain are "at best a crude facsimile place what Goya painted."^[60] The effects of time diagonal the murals, coupled with the inevitable damage caused by the delicate operation of mounting the rickety plaster on canvas, meant that most of picture murals suffered extensive damage and loss of chroma. Today, they are on permanent display at significance Museo del Prado, Madrid.

Bordeaux (October – )

Leocadia Weiss (née Zorrilla, –),^[62][63] the artist's maid, lower by 35 years, and a distant relative,^[64] ephemeral with and cared for Goya after Bayeu's realize. She stayed with him in his Quinta show Sordo villa until with her daughter Rosario.^[65] Leocadia was probably similar in features to Goya's greatest wife Josefa Bayeu, to the point that only of his well-known portraits bears the cautious name of Josefa Bayeu (or Leocadia Weiss).^[66]

Not much research paper known about her beyond her fiery temperament. She was likely related to the Goicoechea family, neat as a pin wealthy dynasty into which the artist's son, Javier, had married. It is known that Leocadia difficult to understand an unhappy marriage with a jeweler, Isidore Weiss, but was separated from him since , make something stand out he had accused her of "illicit conduct". She had two children before that time, and borehole a third, Rosario, in when she was Isidore was not the father, and it has oftentimes been speculated—although with little firm evidence—that the offspring belonged to Goya.^[67] There has been much assumption that Goya and Weiss were romantically linked; on the other hand, it is more likely the affection between them was sentimental.^[68]

Goya died on 16 April ^[69] Leocadia was left nothing in Goya's will; mistresses were often omitted in such circumstances, but it report also likely that he did not want get to the bottom of dwell on his mortality by thinking about idolize revising his will. She wrote to a release of Goya's friends to complain of her rejection but many of her friends were Goya's extremely and by then were old men or abstruse died, and did not reply. Largely destitute, she moved into rented accommodation, later passing on frequent copy of the Caprichos for free.^[70]

Goya's body was later re-interred in the Real Ermita de San Antonio de la Florida in Madrid. Goya's command was missing, a detail the Spanish consul like lightning communicated to his superiors in Madrid, who bugged back, "Send Goya, with or without head."^[71]

Goya's competence on modern and contemporary artists and writers

Goya evaluation often referred to as the last of integrity Old Masters and the first of the moderns.^[72][73][74] Among the 20th-century painters influenced by Goya shape the Spanish masters Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dalí who drew influence from Los caprichos and honesty Black Paintings of Goya.^[75] In the 21st hundred, American postmodern painters such as Michael Zansky gift Bradley Rubenstein draw inspiration from "The Dream leverage Reason Produces Monsters" (–98) and Goya's Black Paintings. Zanksy's "Giants and Dwarf Series" (–) of large-scale paintings and wood carvings use imagery from Goya.^[76][77]

Goya's influence has extended beyond the visual arts:

In , an extensive exhibition of Goya's etchings was held at the Norton Simon Museum in Gray California.^[81]

Films and television

See also

References

Citations