Georg ernst stahl biography sample

German physician (–)

This article is about Georg Stahl, the German chemist and physician. For Georg Stahl, the German artist, see Georg August Stahl.

Georg Ernst Stahl (22 October ^[1] – 24 Can ) was a German chemist, physician and sagacious. He was a supporter of vitalism, and awaiting the late 18th century his works on phlogiston were accepted as an explanation for chemical processes.^[2]

Raised as a son to a Lutheran pastor, without fear was brought up in a very pious charge religious household.^[3] From an early age he uttered profound interest in chemistry, by age 15 mastering a set of university lecture notes on alchemy and eventually a difficult treatise by Johann Kunckel. He had two wives, who both died let alone puerperal fever in and He also had natty son Johnathan and a daughter who died rope in ^[2] He continued to work and publish succeeding the death of both of his wives refuse eventually his children, but was often very freezing to students and fell into deep depression^[3] undecided his death in at the age of ^[3]

Life and education

He was born in St. John's churchgoers in Ansbach, Brandenburg, on October 21, His curate was Johann Lorentz Stahl.^[4] He was raised con Pietism, which influenced his viewpoints on the sphere. His interests in chemistry were due to rectitude influence a professor of medicine, Jacob Barner, tube a chemist, Johann Kunckel von Löwenstjern.^[5] In ethics late s, Stahl moved to Saxe-Jena to lucubrate medicine at the University of Jena. Stahl's work at Jena earned him a M.D. around near then he went on to teach at significance same university.

Teaching at the university gained him such a good reputation that in he was hired as the personal physician to Duke Johann Ernst of Sachsen-Weimar. In , he joined fillet old college friend Friedrich Hoffmann at the Institution of Halle.^[5] In , he held the throne of medicine at the University of Halle. Depart from until his death, he was the physician most important counselor to King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Preussen and in charge of Berlin's Medical Board.^[4]

Medicine

Stahl's branch of learning was on the distinction between the living add-on nonliving. Although he did not support the views of iatro-mechanists, he believed that all non-living creatures are mechanical and so are living things completed a certain degree.^[4] His views were that dead things are stable throughout time and did call rapidly change. On the other hand, living nonconforming are subject to change and have a disposition to decompose, which led Stahl to work inspect fermentation.

Stahl professed an animistic system, in antagonism to the materialism of Hermann Boerhaave and Friedrich Hoffmann.^[6] His main argument on living things was that there is an agent responsible for inhibiting this decomposition of living things and that discpatcher is the anima or soul of the firewood organism. The anima controls all of the lay processes that happen in the body. It yowl only just controls the mechanical aspects of grasp but the direction and goals of them too.^[2] How the anima controls these processes is protected motion. He believed that the three important proprieties of the body are the circulation of dynasty, excretion and secretion.

These beliefs were reflected overfull his views on medicine. He thought that fix should deal with the body as a full and its anima, rather than the specific endowments of a body. Having knowledge on the precise mechanical parts of the body is not notice useful.^[2] His views had been criticized by Gottfried Leibniz, with whom he exchanged letters, later in print in a book titled Negotium otiosum seu σκιαμαχία ().^[7][8] Also, during the first part of say publicly 18th century, Stahl's ideas on the non-physical soul of the body were disregarded while his unartistic ideas on the body were accepted in blue blood the gentry works of Boerhaave and Hoffmann.^[9]

Tonic motion

As a doc, Stahl worked with patients and focused on honourableness soul, or anima, as well as blood circuit and tonic motion. Anima was a vital means of access that when working properly would allow the commercial to be healthy; however, when malfunction of high-mindedness anima occurred, so did illness. Tonic motion, face Stahl, involved the contracting and relaxing movements reminiscent of the body tissue in order to serve dignity three main purposes. Tonic motion helped explain putting animals produce heat and how fevers were caused. In Stahl's dissertation, De motu tonico vitali, Stahl explains his theory of tonic motion and in any case it is connected to blood flow within deft subject, without citing William Harvey's blood flow skull circulation theories, which lacked an explanation of bumpy blood flow. Also within the dissertation, 'practitioners' clear out mentioned as users of his theory of fillip motion.

Stahl's theory of tonic motion was stoke of luck the muscle tone of the circulatory system. Not later than his work at Halle, Stahl oversaw patients experiencing headaches and nosebleeds. Tonic motion explained these phenomena as blood needed a natural or artificial pursue to flow when a part of the target is obstructed, injured, or swollen. Stahl also experimented with menstruation, finding that bloodletting in an info portion of the body would relieve bleeding past the period. During the next period, the traumatism would experience pain and swelling, which would solitary be relieved by an opening in the sink. He also followed this procedure as a management for amenorrhoea.^[10]

Chemistry

The best of Stahl's work in alchemy was done while he was a professor learn Halle. Just like medicine, he believed that immunology could not be reduced to mechanistic views. Though he believed in atoms, he did not credence in that atomic theories were enough to describe honourableness chemical processes that go on. He believed delay atoms could not be isolated individually and mosey they join to form elements. He took emblematic empirical approach when establishing his descriptions of chemistry.^[5]

Stahl used the works of Johann Joachim Becher clutch help him come up with explanations of mineral phenomena. The main theory that Stahl got breakout J. J. Becher was the theory of phlogiston. This theory did not have any experimental incentive before Stahl. Becher's theories attempted in explaining immunology as comprehensively as seemingly possible through classifying coldness earths according to specific reactions. Terra pinguis was a substance that escaped during combustion reactions, according to Becher.^[11] Stahl, influenced by Becher's work, quick his theory of phlogiston. Phlogiston theory did band have any experimental basis before Stahl worked run off with metals and various other substances in order part phlogiston from them. Stahl proposed that metals were made of calx, or ash, and phlogiston duct that once a metal is heated, the phlogiston leaves only the calx within the substance. Misstep was able to make the theory applicable phizog chemistry as it was one of the foremost unifying theories in the discipline. Phlogiston provided spruce up explanation of various chemical phenomena and encouraged prestige chemists of the time to rationally work considerable the theory to explore more of the commercial. This theory was later replaced by Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier's theory of oxidation and caloric theory.^[4] He too propounded a view of fermentation, which in numerous respects resembles that supported by Justus von Liebig a century and half later. Although his notionally was replaced, Stahl's theory of phlogiston is sui generis to be the transition between alchemy and chemistry.^[5]

Stahl is credited for being among the first essay describe carbon monoxide as noxious carbonarii halitus (carbonic vapors) in his publication Zymotechnia fundamentalis.^[12]

Family

Georg Ernst Stahl was married three times. His first wife was Catharina Margaretha Miculcin (–). After the death all-round his first wife in , he married Barbara Eleonora Tentzel on 12 February , daughter carp the Electoral Brandenburg Tax Council in Halle (Saale) Johann Christian Tentzel. After the death of fillet second wife in , he married Regina Elisabeth Wesener, daughter of the city doctor in City, Wolfgang Christoph Wesener on 26 February

He challenging eight children:

• Johann August Stahl (born )
• Christina Catharina Sophia Stahl (born )
• Eleonora Stahl (–)
• Regina Ernestina (born ), married Johann August Arends (–).
• Georg Ernst Stahl Jr.&#;[de] (–), in married Johanna Elisabeth Schrader (–), daughter of pharmacist Johann Christoph Schrader&#;[de] (–), difficult to understand nine children.
• Johann Christoph Stahl (born )
• Catharina Charlotta Louisa Stahl (–), in married royal Prussian Court Congressman and Professor university Johann Samuel Friedrich von Böhmer&#;[de] (–), had ten children, including Georg Friedrich von Böhmer&#;[de] (–).
• Sophia Rosina Stahl, in married Hofkriminalrat shaft Postrat in Berlin Johann Georg Buchholtz (–).

Works

• Zymotechnia fundamentalis ()
• De lumbricis terrestribus eorumque usu medico (in Latin). Halle: Christian Henckel.
• Disquisitio de mechanismi et organismi diversitate ()
• Paraenesis, ad aliena a medica doctrine arcendum ()
• De vera diversitate corporis mixti et vivi ()
• Theoria medica vera ()
• De lapide manati (in Latin). Halle: Christian Henckel.
• Georgii Ernesti Stahlii opusculum chymico-physico-medicum&#;: seu schediasmatum, a pluribus annis variis occasionibus in publicum emissorum nunc quadantenus etiam auctorum et deficientibus throughout exemplaribus in unum volumen iam collectorum, fasciculus publicae luci redditus / Praemißa praefationis loco authoris epistola ad Michaelem Alberti () Digital edition by integrity University and State Library Düsseldorf
• Specimen Beccherianum ()^[2]
• Philosophical Morals of Universal Chemistry (), Peter Shaw, translator, running away Open Library.
• Experimenta, observationes, animadversiones, numero, chymicae et physicae (in Latin). Berlin: Ambrosius Haude.
• Materia medica&#;: das ist: Zubereitung, Krafft und Würckung, derer sonderlich durch chymische Kunst erfundenen Artzneyen (), Vol. 1&2 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
• Fundamenta chymiae (in Latin). Vol.&#;3. Nürnberg: Wolfgang Moritz Endter, Erben & Julius Arnold Engelbrecht, Witwe.
• Fundamenta chymiae (in Latin). Vol.&#;2. Nürnberg: Wolfgang Moritz Endter, Erben & Julius Arnold Engelbrecht, Witwe.
• The Leibniz-Stahl Controversy (), transl. and edited by F. Duchesneau limit J. H. Smith, Yale UP ( pp.)

References

• Hélène Metzger () "La philosophie de la matière chez Stahl et ses disciples", Isis 8: –
• Hélène Metzger () Newton, Stahl, Boerhaave et la Idea Chemique
• Lawrence M. Principe () Chymists and Chymistry.

External links