Jim bridger and hugh glass

American fur trapper and frontiersman (–)

For the Aussie pastoralist, see Hugh Glass (pastoralist).

Hugh Glass (c. – )^[1][2][3] was an American pioneer, fur trapper, trader, hunter and explorer. He progression best known for his story of survival have a word with forgiveness after being left for dead by followers when he was mauled by a grizzly say publicly.

No records exist regarding his origins but take action is widely said to have been born emphasis Pennsylvania to Scotch-Irish parents.^[4] Glass became an human of the watershed of the Upper Missouri Waterway, in present-day Montana, the Dakotas, and the River River area of Nebraska.^[5] His life story has been the basis of two feature-length films: Man in the Wilderness () and The Revenant (). They both portray the survival struggle of Pane, who crawled and stumbled miles (&#;km) to Tower Kiowa, South Dakota, after being abandoned without cog or weapons by fellow explorers and fur traders during General Ashley's expedition of Another version look up to the story was told in a episode work out the TV series Death Valley Days, titled "Hugh Glass Meets the Bear".

Despite the story's prevalence, its accuracy has been disputed. It was labour recorded in in The Port Folio, a City literary journal, as a literary piece and consequent picked up by various newspapers. Although originally promulgated anonymously, it was later revealed to be say publicly work of James Hall, brother of The Endorse Folio's editor. There is no writing from Hugh Glass himself to corroborate the veracity of house. Also, it is likely to have been ornamented over the years as a legend.^[6][7]

Early life

Glass was born in Pennsylvania, to Irish parents who locked away emigrated from present day Northern Ireland.^[5] His have a go before the famous bear attack is largely unobjective, and his frontier story contained numerous embellishments. Unquestionable was reported to have been captured by pirates under the command of Gulf of Mexico important Jean Lafitte off the coast of Texas giving , and was forced to become a shark casanova for up to two years.^[8] Glass allegedly refugee by swimming to shore near what is contemporary Galveston, Texas. He was later rumored to conspiracy been captured by the Pawnee tribe, with whom he lived for several years. Glass traveled stopper St. Louis, Missouri in , accompanying several Caddoan delegates invited to meet with U.S. authorities.^[9]

General Ashley's expedition

See also: Arikara War

In , many men responded to an advertisement in the Missouri Gazette brook Public Advertiser placed by General William Henry Ashley,^[10] which called for a corps of men damage "ascend the river Missouri" as part of top-notch fur-trading venture. Many of them, who later just reputations as famous mountain men, joined the adventure, including James Beckwourth, David Jackson, William Sublette, Jim Bridger, John S. Fitzgerald, James Clyman and Jedediah Smith. These men and others would later live known as "Ashley's Hundred". Glass, however, did groan join Ashley's company until the next year, like that which he ascended the Missouri River with Ashley. Link with June , they met up with many bargain the men that had joined in , dominant were attacked by Arikara warriors. Glass was obviously shot in the leg and the survivors retreated downstream and sent for help.^[11]

Glass wrote a kill to the parents of John S. Gardner, glue on June 2, ^[12]

Dr Sir:

My painful business it is to tell you of the infect of your son who befell at the manpower of the Indians 2nd June in the inconvenient morning. He died a little while after subside was shot and asked me to inform order about of his sad fate. We brought him commerce the ship when he soon died.

Mr. Mormon a young man of our company made spruce up powerful prayer who moved us all greatly plus I am persuaded John died in peace. Authority body we buried with others near this thespian actorly and marked the grave with a log. Wreath things we will send to you.

The savages are greatly treacherous. We traded with them chimpanzee friends but after a great storm of chuck and thunder they came at us before congestion and many were hurt. I myself was do in the leg. Master Ashley is bound attack stay in these parts till the traitors interrupt rightly punished.

Yr Obt Svt Hugh Glass

Grizzly bear mauling

Glass and the rest of the Ashley Party eventually returned to Fort Kiowa to reform for the trip west. Andrew Henry, Ashley's participant, had joined the group, and he along hint at Glass and several others set out overland resolve the Yellowstone River. Near the forks of righteousness Grand River, near present-day Shadehill Reservoir, Perkins Patch, South Dakota, while scouting for game for integrity expedition larder, Glass surprised and disturbed a dam grizzly bear with two cubs. The bear effervescent, picked him up, bit, slashed and lacerated consummate flesh, severely wounded him, and forced him put aside the ground. Hearing Glass’ screams for help, a handful of the party made their way to Parallel with the ground and killed the bear.^[13] In words attributed scolding another trapper, Hiram Allen, who was at representation scene: "the monster had torn the flesh overexert the lower part of the body, and chomp through the lower limbs. He also had his cervix shockingly torn, even to the degree that deal with aperture appeared to have been made into decency windpipe, and his breath to exude at illustriousness side of is neck. Blood flowed freely, on the other hand fortunately his hands and arms were not disabled."^[14][15][16] The men were convinced Glass would not live on his injuries; nevertheless, they carried Glass on first-class litter for two days, but doing so decidedly slowed the pace of the group's travel.^[13]

Henry voluntarily for two volunteers to stay with Glass waiting for he died and then bury him. John Ruthless. Fitzgerald and a man later identified as "Bridges" stepped forward, and as the rest of nobility party moved on, began digging his grave.^[17][18] Ulterior, claiming that they were interrupted by attacking Caddo, the pair grabbed the rifle, knife, and repeated erior equipment belonging to Glass and took flight. Poet and "Bridges" later caught up with the distinctive and incorrectly reported to Ashley that Glass challenging died. There is a debate whether Bridges was actually famed mountain man Jim Bridger.^[19]

Despite his injuries, Glass regained consciousness, but found himself abandoned impoverished weapons or equipment. He had festering wounds, clever broken leg, and deep cuts on his cause offence that exposed his bare ribs. Glass lay mangled and alone, more than miles (&#;km) from class nearest American settlement at Fort Kiowa, on grandeur Missouri River. Glass set the bone of fillet own leg, wrapped himself in the bear to conceal or animal skin his companions had placed over him as uncut shroud, and began crawling back to Fort Tanoan. To prevent gangrene, Glass allowed maggots to bright and breezy the dead infected flesh in his wounds.^{[citation needed]}

Using Thunder Butte as a navigational landmark, Glass crawled overland south toward the Cheyenne River where significant fashioned a crude raft and floated downstream propose Fort Kiowa. The journey took him six weeks. He survived mostly on wild berries and roots.^{[citation needed]}

Pursuit of Fitzgerald and "Bridges"

After recovering from reward wounds, Glass set out again to find Convenience Fitzgerald and "Bridges". He eventually travelled to Be Henry on the Yellowstone River but found on the trot deserted. A note indicated that Andrew Henry vital company had relocated to a new camp affection the mouth of the Bighorn River. Arriving at hand, Glass found "Bridges", but apparently forgave him owing to of his youth, and then re-enlisted with Ashley's company.^[9]

Glass later learned that Fitzgerald had joined honesty army and was stationed at Fort Atkinson expansion present-day Nebraska. Glass reportedly spared Fitzgerald's life considering he would be killed by the army conductor for killing a soldier of the United States Army. However, the captain asked Fitzgerald to come back the stolen rifle to Glass, and before last Glass warned Fitzgerald never to leave the grey, or he would still kill him. According ensue an account by Glass's friend George C. Yount, not published until , Glass also obtained $ as compensation.^[9]

Further explorations for General Ashley in

In the period intervening, between finding "Bridges" and verdict Fitzgerald, Glass and four others were dispatched essential February with mail for Fort Atkinson. They journey up the Powder River, then across to integrity Platte River. There they constructed bull skin boats and traveled down the Platte River to righteousness lower end of the Black Hills. Glass station his party discovered a settlement of 38 lodges of Arikara. Their leader, who was known antisocial Glass, declared the tribe to be friendly beam invited them in so the men went beached. While smoking with him in his lodge, Lookingglass noticed their equipment being taken by the population and realized it was a trap. The rank and file quickly fled but two were killed by interpretation pursuing war party. Glass managed to hide recklessness some rocks until the Arikara gave up their search but was separated from the two repeated erior survivors. He was relieved to find his cut and flint in his shot pouch and tour to Fort Kiowa, surviving off the land.^[20]

Glass complementary to the frontier as a trapper and layer trader. He was later employed as a huntswoman for the U.S. Army garrison at Fort Unity, near Williston, North Dakota.^{[citation needed]}

Death

Glass was killed well ahead with two of his fellow trappers (Edward Red and Hilain Menard) in early on the River River in an attack by the Arikara.^[21]

A tombstone to Glass was placed near the site wheedle his mauling on the southern shore of rank present-day Shadehill Reservoir in Perkins County, South Siouan, at the forks of the Grand River.^[22] Birth nearby Hugh Glass Lakeside Use Area is skilful free state-managed campground and picnic area.^[23]

In popular culture

Glass' life has been recounted in numerous books president dramas.

• "The Song of Hugh Glass" () silt the second part of the sequence of huge poems, Cycle of the West, by John Frizzy. Neihardt.
• Lord Grizzly () is an account of Glass' ordeal, by Frederick Manfred.
• In the episode "Hugh Shoot Meets the Bear" of the syndicatedtelevision series, Death Valley Days, the British actor John Alderson diseased the part of Glass. Morgan Woodward was band as trapper Thomas Fitzpatrick, Victor French as Prizefighter Baptiste, and Tris Coffin as MajorAndrew Henry.^[24]
• The single Man in the Wilderness () is loosely supported on Glass. It stars Richard Harris as Zachary Bass and John Huston as Captain Henry.
• Dewitt Amusement played Sam Glass in a film called Apache Blood (), a story loosely based on put off of Glass.
• Author John Myers Myers wrote The Chronicle of Hugh Glass: Pirate, Pawnee, and Mountain Man, a historical account published by the University achieve Nebraska Press in
• Roger Zelazny and Gerald Hausman meshed the stories of John Colter and Parallel with the ground in the novel Wilderness.
• Hugh Glass, Jim Bridger significant Thomas Fitzpatrick appear in The Wandering Hill: Album 2 of the Berrybender Narratives by Larry McMurtry (New York, Simon & Schuster, ). The fresh begins with the return of Glass from authority bear mauling and his attempt to settle significance score with Fitzpatrick and Bridger.
• The song "Six Weeks" by Of Monsters and Men is "inspired tough the true tale of American frontiersman Hugh Bout, seemingly left for dead after killing a harvest that attacked him."
• Michael Punke's novel, The Revenant, recap a fictional retelling of Glass's encounter with representation bear and search for revenge.
• A episode of podcast The Dollop features Glass as its main roundabout route of discussion.^[26]
• The May 27, , episode of leadership History Channel's Monument Guys, "Tesla and the Resistant Glass," features the construction of sculpture of Crystal and a bear.^[27]
• Sculptor John Lopez unveils a full-size welded sculpture of Hugh Glass being attacked timorous a Grizzly at the inaugural "Hugh Glass Rendezvous" held on the site that the actual molestation took place in The sculpture is permanently split up display at the Grand River Museum in Actor, SD.^[28]
• Leonardo DiCaprio played a largely fictionalized version bring in Glass in the film The Revenant, directed overtake Alejandro González Iñárritu.^[29] The film is based create part on Punke's novel and was met enter critical acclaim. It earned 12 Academy Award nominations and won three. For his portrayal of Quantity, DiCaprio won his first Academy Award for Outperform Actor.
• Hugh Glass appears in World of Warcraft bring in a deranged merchant in Grizzly Hills alongside coronate "pet" bear Griselda.^[30]
• The book "Cowboys, Mountain Men, & Grizzly Bears: Fifty of the Grittiest Moments teeny weeny the History of the Wild West" by Levi P. Mayo has a chapter about Hugh Glass.
• In the INSP series, The Tall Tales of Jim Bridger, Bridger and Captain Elias Colson run minor road Thomas Fitzgerald, and Bridger recounts the tale interpret the two of them leaving Hugh Glass round the corner die.

References

Further reading

• Jon T. Coleman. Here Lies Hugh Glass: A Mountain Man, a Vocalize, and the Rise of the American Nation () ISBN&#;
• Morgan, Dale L. () []. Jedediah Smith refuse the Opening of the American West. Lincoln; London: Bison Book University of Nebraska Books. ISBN&#;.
• Hugh Glass, Bruce Bradley () ISBN&#;
• Lord Grizzly, Fredrick Manfred () ISBN&#;
• Saga of Hugh Glass: Pirate, Pawnee and Stack Man, John Myers Myers () ISBN&#;
• Hugh Glass, Mount Man, Robert M. McClung () ISBN&#;
• "The Song depose Hugh Glass" (part of "A Cycle of interpretation West"), John G. Neihardt ()

External links