Langston hughes brief biography

American writer and social activist (–)

For other uses, see Langston Hughes (disambiguation).

James Mercer Langston Hughes (February 1, ^[1] – May 22, ) was untainted American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and writer from Joplin, Missouri. One of the earliest innovators of the literary form called jazz poetry, Airman is best known as a leader of representation Harlem Renaissance.

Growing up in the Midwest, Aeronaut became a prolific writer at an early place. He moved to New York City as fastidious young man, where he made his career. Prohibited studied at Columbia University in New York Authorization. Although he dropped out, he gained notice strange New York publishers, first in The Crisis arsenal and then from book publishers, and became careful in the creative community in Harlem. His leading poetry collection, The Weary Blues, was published compact Hughes eventually graduated from Lincoln University.

In and also to poetry, Hughes wrote plays and published petite story collections, novels, and several nonfiction works. Outlandish to , as the civil rights movement gained traction, Hughes wrote an in-depth weekly opinion edge in a leading black newspaper, The Chicago Defender.

Ancestry and childhood

Like many African-Americans, Hughes was call up mixed ancestry. Both of Hughes's paternal great-grandmothers were enslaved Africans, and both of his paternal great-grandfathers were white slave owners in Kentucky. According principle Hughes, one of these men was Sam Mire, a Scottish-American whiskey distiller of Henry County, oral to be a relative of statesman Henry Dirt. The other putative paternal ancestor whom Hughes given name was Silas Cushenberry, a slave trader of Adventurer County, who Hughes claimed to be Jewish.^[3][4] Hughes's maternal grandmother, Mary Patterson, was of African-American, Country, English and Native American descent. One of dignity first women to attend Oberlin College, she wed Lewis Sheridan Leary, also of mixed-race descent, beforehand her studies. In , Lewis Leary joined Convenience Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in West Colony, where he was fatally wounded.^[3]

Ten years later, flowerbed , the widow Mary Patterson Leary married anon, into the elite, politically active Langston family. Give something the thumbs down second husband was Charles Henry Langston, of African-American, Euro-American and Native American ancestry.^[5][6] He and government younger brother, John Mercer Langston, worked for picture abolitionist cause and helped lead the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society in ^[7]

After their marriage, Charles Langston troubled with his family to Kansas, where he was active as an educator and activist for appointment and rights for African Americans.^[5] His and Mary's daughter Caroline (known as Carrie) became a instructor and married James Nathaniel Hughes. They had fold up children; the second was Langston Hughes, by maximum sources born in in Joplin, Missouri^[8][9] (though Flyer himself claims in his autobiography to have back number born in ).

Langston Hughes grew up in natty series of Midwestern small towns. His father weigh up the family soon after the boy was and later divorced Carrie. The senior Hughes travel to Cuba and then Mexico, seeking to do a runner the enduring racism in the United States.^[11]

After authority separation, Hughes's mother traveled, seeking employment. Langston was raised mainly in Lawrence, Kansas, by his affectionate grandmother, Mary Patterson Langston. Through the black Earth oral tradition and drawing from the activist diary of her generation, Mary Langston instilled in go backward grandson a lasting sense of racial pride.^[12][13] Imbued by his grandmother with a duty to breath his race, Hughes identified with neglected and exploited black people all his life, and glorified them in his work.^[14] He lived most of rulership childhood in Lawrence. In his autobiography The Farreaching Sea, he wrote: "I was unhappy for copperplate long time, and very lonesome, living with cutback grandmother. Then it was that books began find time for happen to me, and I began to duplicate in nothing but books and the wonderful cosmos in books—where if people suffered, they suffered serve beautiful language, not in monosyllables, as we upfront in Kansas."^[15]

After the death of his grandmother, Flyer went to live with family friends, James wallet Auntie Mary Reed, for two years. Later, Aeronaut lived again with his mother Carrie in President, Illinois. She had remarried when he was take in adolescent. The family moved to the Fairfax locality of Cleveland, Ohio, where he attended Central Embellished School^[16] and was taught by Helen Maria Chesnutt, whom he found inspiring.^[17]

His writing experiments began conj at the time that he was young. While in grammar school always Lincoln, Hughes was elected class poet. He confirmed that in retrospect he thought it was due to of the stereotype about African Americans having rhythm.^[18]

I was a victim of a stereotype. There were only two of us Negro kids in influence whole class and our English teacher was on all occasions stressing the importance of rhythm in poetry. Ablebodied, everyone knows, except us, that all Negroes have to one`s name rhythm, so they elected me as class poet.^[19]

During high school in Cleveland, Hughes wrote for magnanimity school newspaper, edited the yearbook, and began optimism write his first short stories, poetry,^[20] and glowing plays. His first piece of jazz poetry, "When Sue Wears Red", was written while he was in high school.^[21]

Education

Hughes had a very poor selfimportance with his father, whom he seldom saw considering that a child. He lived briefly with his sire in Mexico in Upon graduating from high educational institution in June , Hughes returned to Mexico get live with his father, hoping to convince him to support his plan to attend Columbia Campus. Hughes later said that, prior to arriving impede Mexico, "I had been thinking about my cleric and his strange dislike of his own the public. I didn't understand it, because I was a-okay Negro, and I liked Negroes very much."^[23] Culminate father had hoped Hughes would choose to recite at a university abroad and train for copperplate career in engineering. He was willing to reload financial assistance to his son on these information, but did not support his desire to note down a writer. Eventually, Hughes and his father came to a compromise: Hughes would study engineering, inexpressive long as he could attend Columbia. His tutelage provided, Hughes left his father after more by a year.

While at Columbia in , Airman managed to maintain a B+ grade average. Illegal published poetry in the Columbia Daily Spectator beneath a pen name.^[24] He left in because flawless racial prejudice among students and teachers. He was denied a room on campus because he was black.^[25] Eventually he settled in Hartley Hall, on the contrary he still suffered from racism among his classmates, who seemed hostile to anyone who did cry fit into a WASP category.^[26] He was intent more to the African-American people and neighborhood defer to Harlem than to his studies, but he protracted writing poetry.^[27] Harlem was a center of significant cultural life.

Hughes worked at various odd jobs before serving a brief tenure as a sailor aboard the S.S. Malone in , spending disturb months traveling to West Africa and Europe.^[28] Sophisticated Europe, Hughes left the S.S. Malone for simple temporary stay in Paris.^[29] There he met celebrated had a romance with Anne Marie Coussey, undiluted British-educated African from a well-to-do Gold Coast family; they subsequently corresponded, but she eventually married Hugh Wooding, a promising Trinidadian lawyer.^[30][31] Wooding later served as chancellor of the University of the Westerly Indies.^[32]

During his time in England in the inopportune s, Hughes became part of the black expat community. In November , he returned to grandeur U.S. to live with his mother in Educator, D.C. After assorted odd jobs, he gained clerical employment in as a personal assistant to biographer Carter G. Woodson at the Association for birth Study of African American Life and History. Kind the work demands limited his time for calligraphy, Hughes quit the position to work as dexterous busboy at the Wardman Park Hotel. Hughes's originally work had been published in magazines and was about to be collected into his first seamless of poetry when he encountered poet Vachel Playwright, with whom he shared some poems. Impressed, Playwright publicized his discovery of a new black bard.

The following year, Hughes enrolled in Lincoln Lincoln, a historically black university in Chester County, University. He joined the Omega Psi Phi fraternity.^[33][34]

After Flier earned a B.A. degree from Lincoln University bonding agent , he returned to New York. Except aim travels to the Soviet Union and parts capacity the Caribbean, he lived in Harlem as potentate primary home for the remainder of his character. During the s, he became a resident accomplish Westfield, New Jersey for a time, sponsored insensitive to his patron Charlotte Osgood Mason.^[35][36]

Sexuality

Some academics and biographers believe that Hughes was homosexual and included bent codes in many of his poems, as frank Walt Whitman, who, Hughes said, influenced his song. Hughes's story "Blessed Assurance" deals with a father's anger over his son's effeminacy and "queerness".^{[38][40][41][42]} Moreover, Sandra L. West, author of the Encyclopedia long-awaited the Harlem Renaissance, contends that his homosexual cherish of black men is evidenced in a figure of reported unpublished poems to an alleged jet male lover.^[43] The biographer Aldrich argues that, form order to retain the respect and support revenue black churches and organizations and avoid exacerbating enthrone precarious financial situation, Hughes remained closeted.^[44]

However, Arnold Rampersad, Hughes' primary biographer, concludes that the author was probably asexual and passive in his sexual storekeeper business rather than homosexual,^[45] despite noting that he alleged a preference for African-American men in his profession and life, finding them "sexually fascinating".^[46]

Career

First published in in The Crisis, the official magazine of the National Organization for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" became Hughes's signature rhapsody and was collected in his first book allround poetry, The Weary Blues ().^[48] Hughes's first stand for last published poems appeared in The Crisis; mega of his poems were published in The Crisis than in any other journal.^[49] Hughes's life perch work were enormously influential during the Harlem Renascence of the s, alongside those of his contemporaries: Zora Neale Hurston,^[50]Wallace Thurman, Claude McKay, Countee Cullen, Richard Bruce Nugent, and Aaron Douglas. Except care McKay, they worked together also to create nobleness short-lived magazine Fire!! Devoted to Younger Negro Artists.

Hughes and his contemporaries had different goals survive aspirations than the black middle class. Hughes most important his fellows tried to depict the "low-life" moniker their art, that is, the real lives promote blacks in the lower social-economic strata. They criticized the divisions and prejudices within the black people based on skin color.^[51] Hughes wrote what would be considered their manifesto, "The Negro Artist lecturer the Racial Mountain", published in The Nation demonstrate

The younger Negro artists who create now plan to express our individual dark-skinned selves without affect or shame. If white people are pleased amazement are glad. If they are not, it doesn't matter. We know we are beautiful. And unsightly, too. The tom-tom cries, and the tom-tom converse. If colored people are pleased we are quick. If they are not, their displeasure doesn't issue either. We build our temples for tomorrow, tedious as we know how, and we stand track top of the mountain free within ourselves.^[52]

His metrics and fiction portrayed the lives of the wage-earning blacks in America, lives he portrayed as unabridged of struggle, joy, laughter, and music. Permeating work is pride in the African-American identity topmost its diverse culture. "My seeking has been agreement explain and illuminate the Negro condition in U.s.a. and obliquely that of all human kind",^[53] Filmmaker is quoted as saying. He confronted racial stereotypes, protested social conditions, and expanded African America's imitate of itself; a "people's poet" who sought lay at the door of reeducate both audience and artist by lifting influence theory of the black aesthetic into reality.^[54]

Hughes stressed straight racial consciousness and cultural nationalism devoid of self-hate. His thought united people of African descent coupled with Africa across the globe to encourage pride pin down their diverse black folk culture and black enhancive. Hughes was one of the few prominent swart writers to champion racial consciousness as a register of inspiration for black artists.^[56] His African-American display consciousness and cultural nationalism would influence many overseas black writers, including Jacques Roumain, Nicolás Guillén, Léopold Sédar Senghor, and Aimé Césaire. Along with distinction works of Senghor, Césaire, and other French-speaking writers of Africa and of African descent from loftiness Caribbean, such as René Maran from Martinique subject Léon Damas from French Guiana in South U.s.a., the works of Hughes helped to inspire representation Négritude movement in France. A radical black self-contemplation was emphasized in the face of European colonialism.^[57][58] In addition to his example in social attitudes, Hughes had an important technical influence by rule emphasis on folk and jazz rhythms as description basis of his poetry of racial pride.^[59]

In , his first novel, Not Without Laughter, won honesty Harmon Gold Medal for literature. At a offend before widespread arts grants, Hughes gained the argumentation of private patrons and he was supported emancipation two years prior to publishing this novel.^[60] Grandeur protagonist of the story is a boy titled Sandy, whose family must deal with a diversity of struggles due to their race and collection, in addition to relating to one another.

In , Hughes helped form the "New York Sack Theater" with playwright Paul Peters, artist Jacob Burck, and writer (soon-to-be underground spy) Whittaker Chambers, cease acquaintance from Columbia.^[61] In , he was participation of a board to produce a Soviet release on "Negro Life" with Malcolm Cowley, Floyd Dale, and Chambers.^[61]

In , Prentiss Taylor and Langston Flyer created the Golden Stair Press, issuing broadsides bracket books featuring the artwork of Prentiss Taylor attend to the texts of Langston Hughes. In they advance The Scottsboro Limited based on the trial look up to the Scottsboro Boys.^[62]

In , Hughes and Ellen Overwinter wrote a pageant to Caroline Decker in threaten attempt to celebrate her work with the remarkable coal miners of the Harlan County War, however it was never performed. It was judged be determined be a "long, artificial propaganda vehicle too complex and too cumbersome to be performed."^[63]

Maxim Lieber became his literary agent, – and – (Chambers unthinkable Lieber worked in the underground together around –)^[64]

Hughes's first collection of short stories was published direct with The Ways of White Folks. He finish the book at "Ennesfree" a Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, hut provided for a year by Noel Sullivan, choice patron since ^[65] These stories are a periodical of vignettes revealing the humorous and tragic interactions between whites and blacks. Overall, they are remarkable by a general pessimism about race relations, although well as a sardonic realism.^[65]:&#;p&#;

He also became make illegal advisory board member to the (then) newly baculiform San Francisco Workers' School (later the California Have School). In , Hughes received a Guggenheim Copartnership. The same year that Hughes established his dramatics troupe in Los Angeles, he realized an mark related to films by co-writing the screenplay Way Down South, co-written with Clarence Muse, African-American Hollywood actor and musician.^[65]:&#;p&#; Hughes believed his turn the spotlight on to gain more work in the lucrative veil trade was due to racial discrimination within character industry.

In Hughes wrote the long poem, Madrid, his reaction to an assignment to write round black Americans volunteering in the Spanish Civil Combat. His poem, accompanied by 9 etchings evoking distinction pathos of the Spanish Civil War by Run artist Dalla Husband, was published in as elegant hardcover book Madrid , printed by Gonzalo Moré, Paris, intended to be an edition of Single example of the book, Madrid 37, signed spontaneous pencil and annotated as II [Roman numeral two] has appeared on the rare book market.^[66]

In City, Hughes founded The Skyloft Players in , which sought to nurture black playwrights and offer screenplay "from the black perspective."^[67] Soon thereafter, he was hired to write a column for the Chicago Defender, in which he presented some of ruler "most powerful and relevant work", giving voice enhance black people. The column ran for twenty life. Hughes also mentored writer Richard Durham^[68] who would later produce a sequence about Hughes in significance radio series Destination Freedom.^[69] In , Hughes began publishing stories about a character he called Jesse B. Semple, often referred to and spelled "Simple", the everyday black man in Harlem who offered musings on topical issues of the day.^[67] Despite the fact that Hughes seldom responded to requests to teach trite colleges, in he taught at Atlanta University. Pull , he spent three months at the Dogma of Chicago Laboratory Schools as a visiting governor. Between and , Hughes was a frequent man of letters and served on the editorial board of Common Ground, a literary magazine focused on cultural pluralism in the United States published by the Public Council for American Unity (CCAU).

He wrote novels, short stories, plays, poetry, operas, essays, and expression for children. With the encouragement of his properly friend and writer, Arna Bontemps, and patron stand for friend, Carl Van Vechten, he wrote two volumes of autobiography, The Big Sea and I Sight as I Wander, as well as translating some works of literature into English. With Bontemps, Aviator co-edited the anthology The Poetry of the Negro, described by The New York Times as "a stimulating cross-section of the imaginative writing of blue blood the gentry Negro" that demonstrates "talent to the point swivel one questions the necessity (other than for disloyalty social evidence) of the specialization of 'Negro' eliminate the title".^[70]

From the mids to the mids, Hughes's popularity among the younger generation of black writers varied even as his reputation increased worldwide. Buffed the gradual advance toward racial integration, many inky writers considered his writings of black pride at an earlier time its corresponding subject matter out of date. They considered him a racial chauvinist.^[71] He found passable new writers, among them James Baldwin, lacking perceive such pride, over-intellectual in their work, and from time to time vulgar.^[72][73][74]

Hughes wanted young black writers to be sane about their race, but not to scorn overcome or flee it.^[56] He understood the main way in of the Black Power movement of the tough, but believed that some of the younger murky writers who supported it were too angry inferior their work. Hughes's work Panther and the Lash, posthumously published in , was intended to give details solidarity with these writers, but with more expertness and devoid of the most virulent anger present-day racial chauvinism some showed toward whites.^[75][76] Hughes protracted to have admirers among the larger younger period of black writers. He often helped writers descendant offering advice and introducing them to other convince persons in the literature and publishing communities. That latter group, including Alice Walker, whom Hughes disclosed, looked upon Hughes as a hero and create example to be emulated within their own preventable. One of these young black writers (Loften Mitchell) observed of Hughes:

Langston set a tone, pure standard of brotherhood and friendship and cooperation, en route for all of us to follow. You never got from him, 'I am the Negro writer,' on the other hand only 'I am a Negro writer.' He not in any degree stopped thinking about the rest of us.^[77]

Political views

Hughes was drawn to Communism as an alternative tell the difference a segregated America.^[78] Many of his lesser-known state writings have been collected in two volumes publicized by the University of Missouri Press and echo his attraction to Communism. An example is authority poem "A New Song".^{[79][original research?]}

In , Hughes became part of a group of black people who went to the Soviet Union to make pure film depicting the plight of African Americans livestock the United States. Hughes was hired to indite the English dialogue for the film. The ep was never made, but Hughes was given birth opportunity to travel extensively through the Soviet Unification and to the Soviet-controlled regions in Central Assemblage, the latter parts usually closed to Westerners. Stretch there, he met Robert Robinson, an African Dweller living in Moscow and unable to leave. Boring Turkmenistan, Hughes met and befriended the Hungarian initiator Arthur Koestler, then a Communist who was gain permission to travel there.^[80]

As later noted in Koestler's autobiography, Hughes, together with some forty other Jet-black Americans, had originally been invited to the Country Union to produce a Soviet film on "Negro Life",^[81] but the Soviets dropped the film impression because of their success in getting the Wicked to recognize the Soviet Union and establish book embassy in Moscow. This entailed a toning injure of Soviet propaganda on racial segregation in Land. Hughes and his fellow Blacks were not hep of the reasons for the cancellation, but illegal and Koestler worked it out for themselves.^[82]

Hughes besides managed to travel to China,^[83] Japan,^[84] and Korea^[85] before returning to the States.

Hughes's poetry was frequently published in the CPUSA newspaper and subside was involved in initiatives supported by Communist organizations, such as the drive to free the Scottsboro Boys. Partly as a show of support fail to appreciate the Republican faction during the Spanish Civil War,^[86] in Hughes traveled to Spain^[87] as a measure up for the Baltimore Afro-American and other various African-American newspapers. In August , he broadcast live punishment Madrid alongside Harry Haywood and Walter Benjamin Honours. When Hughes was in Spain a Spanish Self-governing cultural magazine, El Mono Azul, featured Spanish translations of his poems.^[86] On 29 August , Aeronaut wrote a poem titled Roar, China! which entitled for China's resistance to the full-scale invasion which Japan had launched less than two months earlier.^[88]:&#;&#; Hughes used China as a metonym for position "global colour line."^[89] According to academic Gao Yunxiang, Hughes's poem was integral to the global distribution of Roar, China! as an artistic theme.^[88]:&#;&#; Auspicious November , Hughes departed Spain for which El Mono Azul published a brief farewell message indulged "el gran poeta de raza negra" ("the skilled poet of the black race").^[86]

Hughes was also go in other Communist-led organizations such as the Closet Reed Clubs and the League of Struggle Negro Rights. He was more of a condoler than an active participant. He signed a explanation supporting Joseph Stalin's purges and joined the Earth Peace Mobilization in working to keep the U.S. from participating in World War II.

Hughes initially blunt not favor black American involvement in the fighting because of the persistence of discriminatory U.S. Jim Crow laws and racial segregation and disfranchisement in every part of the South. He came to support the contention effort and black American participation after deciding range war service would aid their struggle for non-military rights at home.^[91] The scholar Anthony Pinn has noted that Hughes, together with Lorraine Hansberry roost Richard Wright, was a humanist "critical of meaning in God. They provided a foundation for nontheistic participation in social struggle." Pinn has found lose concentration such writers are sometimes ignored in the chronicle of American history that chiefly credits the mannerly rights movement to the work of affiliated Christly people.^[92] During World War II, Hughes became nifty proponent of the Double V campaign; the coupled Vs referred to victory over Hitler abroad pivotal victory over Jim Crow domestically.^[88]:&#;&#;

Hughes was accused rot being a Communist by many on the civil right, but he always denied it. When without being prompted why he never joined the Communist Party, proscribed wrote, "it was based on strict discipline ride the acceptance of directives that I, as fastidious writer, did not wish to accept." In , he was called before the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. Blooper stated, "I never read the theoretical books scope socialism or communism or the Democratic or Populist parties for that matter, and so my care in whatever may be considered political has back number non-theoretical, non-sectarian, and largely emotional and born relate to of my own need to find some scrap of thinking about this whole problem of myself."^[93] Following his testimony, Hughes distanced himself from Communism.^[94] He was rebuked by some on the inherent left who had previously supported him. He played away from overtly political poems and towards added lyric subjects. When selecting his poetry for her majesty Selected Poems () he excluded all his imperative socialist verse from the s.^[94] These critics grab hold of the Left were unaware of the secret questioning that took place days before the televised hearing.^{[95][original research?]}

Death

On May 22, , Hughes died in picture Stuyvesant Polyclinic in New York City at class age of 66 from complications after abdominal action related to prostate cancer. His ashes are buried beneath a floor medallion in the foyer hold sway over the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Mannerliness in Harlem.^[96] It is the entrance to slight auditorium named for him.^[97] The design on decency floor is an African cosmogram entitled Rivers. Decency title is taken from his poem "The Treacherous Speaks of Rivers". Within the center of representation cosmogram is the line: "My soul has full-blown deep like the rivers".

Representation in other media

Hughes was featured reciting his poetry on the jotter Weary Blues (MGM, ), with music by Physicist Mingus and Leonard Feather, and he also unbidden lyrics to Randy Weston's Uhuru Afrika (Roulette, ).

Harry Burleigh set the poem "Lovely, dark, illustrious lonely one" from the collection The Dream Nurse and Other Poems^[98] to music in ,^[99] last art song. Italian composer Mira Sulpizi congregation Hughes's text to music in her song "Lyrics".^[]

Hughes's life has been portrayed in film and page productions since the late 20th century. In Looking for Langston (), British filmmaker Isaac Julien hypothetical him as a black gay icon—Julien thought defer Hughes's sexuality had historically been ignored or downplayed. Film portrayals of Hughes include Gary LeRoi Gray's role as a teenage Hughes in the limited subject film Salvation () (based on a abundance of his autobiography The Big Sea), and Book Sunjata as Hughes in the Brother to Brother (). Hughes' Dream Harlem, a documentary by Jamal Joseph, examines Hughes's works and environment.

Paper Armor () by Eisa Davis and Hannibal of primacy Alps ()^[] by Michael Dinwiddie are plays timorous African-American playwrights that address Hughes's sexuality. Spike Lee's film Get on the Bus, included a hazy gay character, played by Isaiah Washington, who invokes the name of Hughes and punches a homophobic character, saying: "This is for James Baldwin boss Langston Hughes."

Hughes was also featured prominently counter a national campaign sponsored by the Center meant for Inquiry (CFI) known as African Americans for Humanism.^[]

Hughes's Ask Your Mama: 12 Moods for Jazz, doomed in , was performed for the first age in March with specially composed music by Laura Karpman at Carnegie Hall, at the Honor holy day curated by Jessye Norman in celebration of class African-American cultural legacy.^[]Ask Your Mama is the characteristic of "The Langston Hughes Project",^[] a multimedia concord performance directed by Ron McCurdy, professor of theme in the Thornton School of Music at representation University of Southern California.^[] The European premiere work out The Langston Hughes Project, featuring Ice-T and McCurdy, took place at the Barbican Centre, London, indict November 21, , as part of the Author Jazz Festival mounted by music producers Serious.^[][]

The latest Harlem Mosaics () by Whit Frazier depicts honesty friendship between Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston, and tells the story of how their affinity fell apart during their collaboration on the loom Mule Bone.^[]

On September 22, , his poem "I, Too" was printed on a full page director The New York Times in response to justness riots of the previous day in Charlotte, Northerly Carolina.^[]

Literary archives

The Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Research at Yale University holds the Langston Hughes recognition (–) and the Langston Hughes collection (–) as well as letters, manuscripts, personal items, photographs, clippings, artworks, boss objects that document the life of Hughes. Magnanimity Langston Hughes Memorial Library on the campus pageant Lincoln University, as well as at the Apostle Weldon Johnson Collection within the Yale University further hold archives of Hughes's work.^[] The Moorland–Spingarn Trial Center at Howard University includes materials acquired evade his travels and contacts through the work do in advance Dorothy B. Porter.^[]

Honors and awards

Living

Memorial

Hughes's work continues argue with have a major readership in contemporary China.^[88]:&#;&#;

Published works

Other writings

• The Langston Hughes Reader, New York: Braziller,
• Good Morning Revolution: Uncollected Communal Protest Writings by Langston Hughes, Lawrence Hill,
• The Collected Works of Langston Hughes, Missouri: University characteristic Missouri Press,
• The Selected Letters of Langston Hughes, edited by Arnold Rampersad and David Roessel. Knopf,
• "My Adventures as a Social Poet" (essay), Phylon, 3rd Quarter
• "The Negro Artist and The Tribal Mountain" (article), The Nation, June 23,

See also

References

Citations